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Which approach avoids that bias?

  • A.Applying the convective scheme less frequently so that instability is allowed to accumulate between calls
  • B.Running at convection permitting resolution
  • C.Increasing the vertical resolution of the model so that the convective layer is represented by more levels
  • D.Using a longer time step

Answer: B

Explicitly resolving the largest updraughts at about one kilometre grid spacing removes the need for a deep convection scheme and reproduces the observed afternoon peak. The improvement in the diurnal cycle is one of the clearest benefits of convection permitting modelling. Vertical resolution and call frequency address different aspects and do not fix the underlying problem. Most errors here come from carrying a result across from a neighbouring case where it does not hold.

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