Direction for [ Question No: 1 To 4 ] :
Read the following passage carefully and on the basis of the text, answer your questions :
Culture is a word that has rather different meaning in philosophy, aesthetics, literary criticism, anthropology, sociology and elsewhere. Indeed, Raymond Williams considers it to be one of the most complicated words in the English language because of its diverse usages in distinct systems of thought (1983:87), to Kroeber and Kluckhohn, the culture of a people comprises their patterns of behaviour, and their particular achievements inclusive of their artefacts, their ideas, and their values;/to others the culture of a population is the peculiar or unique way of life of that population in terms of its mores, its customs, and its explicit and implied design for living (1963:181). While the culture of some small-scale, tribal or isolated populations may be relatively homogenous, the culture (or rather cultures) of complex societies are never invariable, and they always change over time. Hence it is important to monitor the rates of diffusion, acculturation, evolution and development that are relatively transformative and enduring. Tourism managers/researchers working with a given population may recognise that what is significant (that is, viewable or protectable) about lands or heritage may change occasionally. While preservation invokes the effort to save, restore and continue customs (particularly of built representations of culture), conservation is the effort which ensures the stability of present inheritances by maintaining them against interference of some kind in the future. Thus under conservation, unlike preservation, the inherited elements or the symbolic features of a given culture may be altered in use or sanction while they are marked, cared for and sustained for the generations to come. Where cultural conservation involves the identification/protection of a cultural area, it is important to identify associative and cultural landscapes, where the former have powerful religious, artistic or cultural associations with or without material cultural evidence. It is always critical to resolve what is being protected, for whom and for what purpose. Sometimes there may be nothing that is readily viewable by tourists; sometimes conservation purposes may clash with that site's other use values; sometimes a local population may want the whole of an identified territory rendered 'sacred' (or 'conserved'), not just a single site.
