Discussion
Assertion (A): Fugitive emissions are estimated rather than measured.
Reason (R): They escape from many small openings rather than through a single stack.
Select the correct answer from the options below.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion. Fugitive emissions escape from many small openings - valve stems, flanges, seals, tank vents, transfer points - rather than through a single duct, so there is no flow whose rate and concentration can be measured.
They are therefore estimated instead, from leak detection surveys, component counts and tabulated factors, or by tracer and optical remote sensing techniques. That indirectness is exactly why fugitive terms carry the largest uncertainty in most industrial inventories.
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