Discussion
Why must a digital beamforming array be carefully calibrated?
Answer: B
Beamforming weights are applied on the assumption that each receiver chain has a known gain and phase, and any unmeasured difference between channels appears exactly as an array error, raising side lobes and displacing nulls. Injecting a common calibration signal periodically is the usual answer. Element resonance and grating lobes are unrelated to channel calibration, and converter drift is one contributor among several rather than the whole story. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.
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