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Fuel quality changes and the technology each enabled.

ChangeEnabled technology
Removal of leadCatalytic converters
Sulphur to 10 ppmParticulate filters and reduction catalysts
Volatility controlEffective evaporative control
Aromatics limitsLower particulate and benzene emissions

What general point does the table make?

  • A.Aftertreatment technology and fuel quality had to advance together
  • B.Fuel quality is irrelevant to emissions
  • C.Aftertreatment alone determines emissions
  • D.Fuel quality changes were made for engine durability

Answer: A

Correct answer: Aftertreatment technology and fuel quality had to advance together

Every row pairs a fuel change with a technology that could not have been introduced without it. Lead destroys catalysts, sulphur poisons them and adds sulphate particulate, volatility drives evaporative losses, and aromatics promote soot and benzene.

Each device was therefore waiting on a refinery investment, which is why standards and fuel specifications were legislated in step. Neither could deliver alone, and the durability of engines was a secondary benefit rather than the motive.

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