Discussion
A common-emitter stage has almost no voltage gain and a collector sitting near the supply. What is the most likely cause?
Answer: C
A collector near the supply means little current is flowing, so the device is cut off - no base bias, or an open base circuit. Saturation would put the collector near the emitter instead, a shorted load would also hold it at the supply but is far less likely than a bias fault, and an open bypass capacitor would reduce the gain without moving the operating point so far. Reading the collector voltage first localises the fault to one of three states before any component is suspected.
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