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Non-market benefits such as amenity are included in a coastal appraisal by

  • A.excluding them entirely because they cannot be priced
  • B.assigning them an arbitrary value chosen by the promoter
  • C.counting them only where the scheme is publicly funded
  • D.valuation techniques that assign them a monetary equivalent

Answer: D

Correct answer: valuation techniques that assign them a monetary equivalent

Amenity, landscape and habitat have real value but no market price, so appraisal uses techniques that infer one - travel cost, hedonic pricing from property values, contingent valuation by survey, and benefit transfer from studies elsewhere. The figures are contestable, but excluding them altogether would value them at zero, which is a stronger and less defensible assumption than any of the estimates.

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