Discussion
Which among the following is an incorrect statment ?
Answer: D
The incorrect statement is All democracies emerged after second world war have transited from democracy to consolidated democracy.
Many democracies that emerged after 1945, and especially in the third wave from the 1970s, did not become consolidated. Some broke down into authoritarian rule and others remained hybrid or 'illiberal' democracies, so a claim about all of them is false.
The other statements are accepted in the democratisation literature. Liberalisation, the loosening of authoritarian control, does not always lead to democracy. Procedural definitions require competitive elections, an inclusive adult citizenship and protection of civil and minority rights. Guillermo O'Donnell distinguished a first transition, to a democratic government, from a second transition, to a consolidated democratic regime.
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