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Which equations must a convection permitting model solve?

  • A.The quasi-geostrophic equations, which filter the gravity waves that would otherwise limit the time step used
  • B.The barotropic vorticity equation
  • C.The hydrostatic primitive equations, which remain valid provided the vertical velocity does not become too large
  • D.The non-hydrostatic equations

Answer: D

At one kilometre the aspect ratio of the resolved motion approaches unity, so vertical accelerations become comparable with the residual of gravity and the pressure gradient and hydrostatic balance fails. Convection permitting models are therefore non-hydrostatic. Quasi-geostrophic and barotropic systems are far too heavily filtered to represent convection at all. Most errors here come from carrying a result across from a neighbouring case where it does not hold.

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