Discussion
What is equivalent of the statement 'All atheists are pessimists' ?
Answer: A
The equivalent of 'All atheists are pessimists' is All non-pessimists are non-atheists.
This is the contrapositive. A universal affirmative 'All S are P' is equivalent to 'All non-P are non-S', obtained by exchanging the terms and negating both.
The statement 'All non-atheists are non-pessimists' is the obverse of the converse, and it does not follow. 'All pessimists are atheists' is the converse, which is not equivalent either. So only the first option is equivalent.
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