Discussion
Assertion (A): Trim drag is a penalty of the conventional aft-tail layout.
Reason (R): The tail carries a download in trimmed flight, obliging the wing to produce more lift than the weight.
Select the correct answer from the options below.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason is the mechanism. A conventional aft tail trims the wing's nose-down pitching moment by pushing down, so the wing must carry the weight plus that download:
\[ L_{wing} = W + L_{tail,\,down} \]
The extra lift brings extra induced drag, and that is trim drag. It is why transports move fuel aft in cruise, reducing the download by shifting the centre of gravity towards the aft limit, and why a canard trimming with an upload is attractive in principle.
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