Discussion
Which form of the equations is used in operational global forecast models?
Answer: B
Operational models integrate the primitive equations, being the full set with hydrostatic, shallow atmosphere and traditional approximations applied, though the most recent convection permitting models are non-hydrostatic. Quasi-geostrophic and barotropic systems were used in the earliest numerical forecasts and remain valuable for understanding. Fully unapproximated equations are used only in research at very small scales. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour.
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