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Which process removes spurious gravity waves from model initial conditions?

  • A.Initialisation
  • B.Data assimilation, which combines the observations with a short forecast to produce the analysis
  • C.Filtering of the output
  • D.Ensemble averaging over many forecasts started from slightly different initial states of the atmosphere

Answer: A

Initialisation adjusts the analysed fields so that they satisfy an appropriate balance condition, preventing the excitation of large amplitude gravity waves at the start of the integration. Modern systems achieve this within the assimilation itself through incremental or digital filter techniques. Assimilation produces the analysis, output filtering is cosmetic, and ensembles address uncertainty rather than imbalance.

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