Discussion
Organization development does not include :
Answer: D
Organization development does not include centralized management.
Organization development (OD) is a planned, organisation-wide effort to improve effectiveness and health through behavioural science. Its typical interventions are change management, team building, survey feedback, process consultation and programmes to improve the quality of work life.
OD values participation, open communication and the involvement of people at all levels in decisions. Centralized management, with authority concentrated at the top, runs against those values, so it is not part of OD.
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