Discussion
Which vertical coordinate is defined so that it follows the terrain at the lowest level?
Answer: A
Sigma is pressure divided by surface pressure, so it equals one at the ground whatever the orography and zero at the top, which removes the problem of pressure surfaces intersecting mountains. The price is that the pressure gradient term becomes a difference of two large quantities over steep terrain. Isentropic and log pressure coordinates serve other purposes, and plain pressure coordinates are exactly the ones whose intersection with terrain sigma was invented to avoid.
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