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Which difference exists between saturation over water and over ice?

  • A.Saturation vapour pressure is higher over ice, which is why frost forms in preference to dew on cold nights
  • B.They are identical
  • C.The difference depends on the pressure rather than on the temperature of the surfaces being compared here
  • D.Saturation vapour pressure is lower over ice

Answer: D

Below zero degrees the saturation vapour pressure over ice is lower than over supercooled water, with the difference reaching a maximum near minus 12 degrees. This is the basis of the Bergeron process, in which ice crystals grow at the expense of surrounding droplets. Without that difference, precipitation formation in mid-latitude clouds would be far less efficient. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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