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According to Vygotsky, which of the following statements expresses an event where language is used without thought?

  • A.Paying respect by saying Namaste or Good morning
  • B.Expressing imitative behaviour
  • C.Observing others behaviour keenly
  • D.In the event of inner speech

Answer: A

The key says that paying respect by saying Namaste or Good morning is language used without thought. Such greetings are social habits spoken automatically, which Vygotsky described as language that does not serve thinking. Imitative behaviour and keenly observing others involve attention to something, and inner speech is the clearest case of language joined with thought, so it is the opposite of the stem.

For Vygotsky, thought and speech start separate and join at about age two, so language without thought, as in a habitual greeting, is a surviving social habit.

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