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The factor of safety against liquefaction is defined as

  • A.the cyclic stress ratio divided by the cyclic resistance ratio of the deposit
  • B.the total stress divided by the effective stress at the depth being considered
  • C.the peak ground acceleration divided by the acceleration due to gravity
  • D.the cyclic resistance ratio divided by the cyclic stress ratio

Answer: D

Correct answer: the cyclic resistance ratio divided by the cyclic stress ratio

\[ FS = \frac{CRR}{CSR}. \] It is capacity over demand, as every factor of safety is. Inverting it - which is the first distractor - turns a safe layer into an unsafe one and is the commonest slip in the calculation.

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