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Discussion

Consider the following pairs of hopper problem and its description:

Bridging - A self-supporting arch across the outlet

Ratholing - A stable channel emptying through static material

Funnel flow - Only a central core moves on withdrawal

Mass flow - Stagnant material remains at the walls

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

  • A.Only three
  • B.Only one
  • C.Only two
  • D.All four

Answer: A

Correct answer: Only three

Three pairs are right. Bridging is a self-supporting arch across the outlet; ratholing is a stable channel that empties through otherwise static material; and funnel flow is the pattern in which only a central core moves on withdrawal.

The fourth is wrong, and describes funnel flow rather than mass flow. In mass flow all the material moves whenever any is withdrawn, so there is no stagnant material at the walls - the absence of stagnant regions being the whole point of the design.

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