Discussion
A patch array is built to a proven design but resonates three per cent low in frequency.
What is the most likely cause?
Answer: C
Resonant frequency depends on the patch length and the effective permittivity, so a substrate whose permittivity is a few per cent above the datasheet value, or a batch variation, shifts the resonance by about half that in frequency. Etching tolerance is the other usual suspect. Feed impedance affects the match, ground plane size affects back radiation, and element spacing affects the pattern, none of which moves the resonance. Matching the symptom to the parameter it depends on narrows the search immediately.
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