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Why is reading a formula back into English an unreliable check?

  • A.English has no equivalent for most logical connectives
  • B.The formula may contain symbols with no English rendering
  • C.Translation in that direction is not uniquely determined
  • D.The reader supplies the intended meaning unconsciously

Answer: D

Someone who knows what the formula was meant to say will read it that way, and the unintended reading remains invisible, which is why constructing a counter-model is the better check. English does render the connectives, if imperfectly, and the direction of translation is not the difficulty. That a check performed by the author of the artefact is compromised by the author's own intention is a general problem, and the answer is always to seek an independent test.

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