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Consider the following statements about warping in torsion:

1. It is an axial displacement that leaves the section non-planar.

2. It produces additional direct stresses only when restrained.

3. It occurs only in closed sections.

Which of the statements given above is or are correct?

  • A.1 and 2 only
  • B.1 and 3 only
  • C.2 and 3 only
  • D.1, 2 and 3

Answer: A

Correct answer: 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct: warping is the axial displacement that leaves the section non-planar, and it is harmless until it is restrained - at a built-in end, say - whereupon direct stresses arise. Statement 3 is wrong: open sections warp more freely than closed ones, and thin-walled open sections are where restrained warping matters most.

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