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Discussion

Arrange the following steps in a sequence :

I. Designing the tool
II. Review of literature
III. Pretesting
IV. Validation
V. Application of the tool

  • A.I, II, III, V, IV
  • B.I, IV, II, III, V
  • C.I, V, II, III, IV
  • D.II, I, III, IV, V

Answer: D

The key sequence is II, I, III, IV, V (option D). A researcher first reviews the literature to see what is known and what tools already exist, then designs the tool, then pretests it on a small group to find faults, then validates it, and finally applies it to the main sample. Options A, B and C place the design of the tool before the literature review, or apply the tool before pretesting and validation, which would mean using an untested instrument on the real sample.

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