Discussion
Three of the following are addressed by a fade margin. Which is the odd one out?
An obstacle permanently intruding into the Fresnel zone
Rain attenuation during a heavy shower
Multipath fading during still anticyclonic weather
Scintillation on a low elevation satellite path
Answer: C
Rain, multipath and scintillation are time varying impairments whose statistics determine how large a margin must be. A permanent obstruction is a fixed loss that belongs in the budget itself rather than in the margin, and no amount of margin will make an obstructed path behave as a clear one. Distinguishing a constant term from a varying one decides whether it is subtracted once or covered statistically.
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