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Which process produces that nocturnal maximum?

  • A.The convergence of air into the region of lowest pressure, which intensifies as the night progresses further
  • B.An inertial oscillation after friction is removed at sunset
  • C.The acceleration of the flow down the pressure gradient as the surface cools and the pressure rises beneath it
  • D.Radiative cooling

Answer: B

When the surface decouples at sunset the air above is released from friction, becomes unbalanced and oscillates about the geostrophic value at the inertial frequency, overshooting to a maximum some hours later. Blackadar gave this explanation and it remains standard. The pendulum day of about seventeen hours at mid-latitudes puts the maximum in the small hours. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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