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- Total number of questions : 20
- Time allotted : 30:00 Minutes:Seconds.
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Climatology [ Question No: 1 To 20 ] :
Which among the following gases has the highest global warming potential?
Figure below shows SST anomaly (in °C). It is associated with the phenomenon known as
From the following list identify the region that has low chlorophyll and low nutrients.
The following illustration depicts the circulation pattern in the North Indian Ocean during the southwest (June-August) monsoon. Identify the markers numbered from 1-5 in the illustration and pick out the right choice.
[Illustration, a map of the North Indian Ocean for July: marker 1 is a closed clockwise eddy in the western Arabian Sea off the Somali coast, at about 5-10°N; marker 2 is a current along the east coast of India in the western Bay of Bengal; marker 3 is a current flowing northward along the African coast just south of the equator; marker 4 is an eastward current across the Arabian Sea and south of India and Sri Lanka that turns north into the Bay of Bengal; marker 5 is a current flowing southward along the west coast of India.]
Which one of the following statements regarding equatorial under current (EUC) in the Pacific Ocean is correct?
State whether the following is true or false.
Climate models are evaluated by testing whether they reproduce the observed climate and its variability.
Assertion (A): Near term climate projections are dominated by internal variability rather than by scenario choice.
Reason (R): Emissions under different scenarios have not yet diverged much in the first decade or two.
Consider the following statements about solar geoengineering.
1. It would address the symptom rather than the cause.
2. Ocean acidification would continue unabated.
3. It would be a permanent solution once deployed.
Geoengineering by injecting stratospheric aerosol would
A speleothem record from a cave is valuable because it
Assertion (A): The terms Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age have been partly replaced in the literature.
Reason (R): The anomalies were regional and did not occur simultaneously everywhere.
All of the following are climate proxies EXCEPT
Air bubbles trapped in ice cores are valuable because they
Match each ocean atmosphere phenomenon with its timescale.
List I
A. Sea breeze
B. Seasonal thermocline
C. El Nino
D. Thermohaline overturning
List II
1. two to seven years
2. daily
3. many centuries
4. annual
A station has monthly means of which the coldest is 2 degrees and the warmest 18 degrees. Which Koppen group does it fall in?
Assertion (A): The urban heat island is strongest on calm clear nights.
Reason (R): Wind mixes the urban air with rural air and cloud reduces the radiative cooling that the city resists.
The urban heat island is the tendency for cities to be
The latitudinal imbalance of net radiation is that
The lithosphere participates in the climate system chiefly through
Consider the following statements about the ocean in the climate system.
1. It holds far more heat than the atmosphere.
2. It transports heat polewards alongside the atmosphere.
3. Its influence on climate is negligible on decadal timescales.
Total number of questions : 20
Number of answered questions : 0
Number of unanswered questions : 20
Climatology [ Question No: 1 To 20 ] :
Which among the following gases has the highest global warming potential?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
The gas with the highest global warming potential is N2O.
Global warming potential (GWP) compares the warming caused by a mass of gas over a time horizon, usually 100 years, with the same mass of CO2, which is defined as 1. Over 100 years, nitrous oxide has a GWP of roughly 270 to 300 because it absorbs strongly and lasts more than a century in the atmosphere. Methane's GWP is about 28 to 30: it absorbs strongly but survives only around a decade.
CO2 is the reference, GWP 1. Water vapour is not usually assigned a GWP, because its concentration is set by temperature and it stays in the air only days; it acts as a feedback rather than a forcing.
Figure below shows SST anomaly (in °C). It is associated with the phenomenon known as
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
The pattern is the Indian Ocean dipole.
The map shows a strong cold anomaly in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean off Sumatra and Java, with warm anomalies over the western and central basin. This east-west seesaw of sea surface temperature, cooler in the east and warmer in the west, is the signature of a positive Indian Ocean dipole event, linked to anomalous south-easterly winds and upwelling off Sumatra.
El Nino and La Nina are defined by sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific, not the Indian Ocean. The Madden-Julian Oscillation is an eastward-moving pattern of convection lasting weeks, not a basin-wide SST dipole.
From the following list identify the region that has low chlorophyll and low nutrients.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The low-chlorophyll, low-nutrient region is Downwelling, anticyclonic eddy.
In an anticyclonic eddy (clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere), Ekman convergence piles warm surface water towards the centre and pushes it down. This downwelling deepens the thermocline and keeps nutrient-rich deep water away from the sunlit layer, so phytoplankton growth, and with it chlorophyll, stays low.
Cyclonic eddies do the opposite: divergence at the centre causes upwelling, lifting nutrients into the surface layer and raising chlorophyll. Pairing an anticyclonic eddy with upwelling, or a cyclonic eddy with downwelling, mixes up these two mechanisms.
The following illustration depicts the circulation pattern in the North Indian Ocean during the southwest (June-August) monsoon. Identify the markers numbered from 1-5 in the illustration and pick out the right choice.
[Illustration, a map of the North Indian Ocean for July: marker 1 is a closed clockwise eddy in the western Arabian Sea off the Somali coast, at about 5-10°N; marker 2 is a current along the east coast of India in the western Bay of Bengal; marker 3 is a current flowing northward along the African coast just south of the equator; marker 4 is an eastward current across the Arabian Sea and south of India and Sri Lanka that turns north into the Bay of Bengal; marker 5 is a current flowing southward along the west coast of India.]
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The correct identification is 1. Great Whirl, 2. East India Coastal Current, 3. East African Coastal Current, 4. Summer (Southwest) Monsoon Current, and 5. West India Coastal Current.
- 1, the closed clockwise eddy off Somalia at about 5-10°N, is the Great Whirl, which forms beside the Somali Current during the southwest monsoon.
- 2, along the east coast of India, is the East India Coastal Current.
- 3, flowing north along the African coast south of the equator, is the East African Coastal Current, which feeds the Somali Current.
- 4, the eastward flow across the Arabian Sea and round Sri Lanka into the Bay of Bengal, is the Summer (Southwest) Monsoon Current.
- 5, flowing south along India's west coast in summer, is the West India Coastal Current.
The other options misplace these; for example, a coastal current cannot be the eddy at 1, and the West India Coastal Current cannot be marker 3 off Africa.
Which one of the following statements regarding equatorial under current (EUC) in the Pacific Ocean is correct?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The Equatorial Undercurrent flows from west to east.
The trade winds drive the surface South Equatorial Current westward and pile water up in the western Pacific, so the sea surface, and with it the pressure at depth, slopes down towards the east. Just below the surface layer, out of reach of the wind stress, this pressure gradient drives a narrow, fast current eastward along the Equator, at about 100-200 m depth.
Westward flow is the surface current above it, and a north-south flow does not describe a current confined to the Equator.
State whether the following is true or false.
Climate models are evaluated by testing whether they reproduce the observed climate and its variability.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
Simulating the mean state, the seasonal cycle and known past changes are all standard tests. No model passes every test, and the choice is between models with different strengths. No model passes every test that is set.
Assertion (A): Near term climate projections are dominated by internal variability rather than by scenario choice.
Reason (R): Emissions under different scenarios have not yet diverged much in the first decade or two.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Both are true and the reason gives the cause, and it means the near term is genuinely uncertain in a way that better models cannot remedy. Effort spent refining the models buys most where the scenario and the response dominate instead.
Consider the following statements about solar geoengineering.
1. It would address the symptom rather than the cause.
2. Ocean acidification would continue unabated.
3. It would be a permanent solution once deployed.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Correct answer: 1 and 2 only
Statements 1 and 2 are correct: it addresses the symptom, and because the carbon dioxide remains, the ocean continues to absorb it and acidify regardless. Statement 3 is the opposite of the truth - the aerosol falls out within a couple of years, so the cooling must be sustained indefinitely, and stopping it after decades would release the accumulated warming very rapidly. That termination shock is the strongest argument against relying on it.
Geoengineering by injecting stratospheric aerosol would
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
Correct answer: reduce sunlight without addressing the cause
Stratospheric aerosol injection would mimic a large volcanic eruption, scattering some sunlight back to space and cooling the surface. It leaves the carbon dioxide concentration exactly where it was, so it treats the symptom rather than the cause - with all the consequences the next item lists.
A speleothem record from a cave is valuable because it
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Uranium series dating gives a precise chronology, which many other archives lack. The isotopic composition of the calcite reflects the rainfall that fed the cave. Dating is its great strength. Rainfall isotopes are what the calcite records.
Assertion (A): The terms Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age have been partly replaced in the literature.
Reason (R): The anomalies were regional and did not occur simultaneously everywhere.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the motive for the change in terminology. “Medieval Warm Period” implies a global warm interval, which the evidence does not support, so “Medieval Climate Anomaly” is preferred as it describes a period of unusual climate without asserting its sign or its extent. The renaming is a correction of an implied claim rather than a change of view about the data.
All of the following are climate proxies EXCEPT
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Correct answer: thermometer records from weather stations
A thermometer measures temperature directly, so it is an instrumental record rather than a proxy - and it is what proxies are calibrated against over their period of overlap. Ring widths, pollen assemblages and ice isotopes are all quantities that varied with climate and must be interpreted through a calibration.
Air bubbles trapped in ice cores are valuable because they
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
They give a direct measurement of past carbon dioxide and methane concentrations rather than a proxy for them. This is what makes the ice core record so central to the greenhouse argument. Not a proxy but the gas itself.
Match each ocean atmosphere phenomenon with its timescale.
List I
A. Sea breeze
B. Seasonal thermocline
C. El Nino
D. Thermohaline overturning
List II
1. two to seven years
2. daily
3. many centuries
4. annual
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The range of timescales is what makes ocean atmosphere coupling so rich, and each phenomenon requires a different kind of model. Mixing them up leads to expectations on entirely the wrong timescale. Coupling spans many timescales.
A station has monthly means of which the coldest is 2 degrees and the warmest 18 degrees. Which Koppen group does it fall in?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The coldest month lies between minus three and eighteen degrees, which is the temperate criterion. Below minus three it would be continental and above eighteen tropical. The coldest month decides it. Two thresholds bracket the temperate group.
Assertion (A): The urban heat island is strongest on calm clear nights.
Reason (R): Wind mixes the urban air with rural air and cloud reduces the radiative cooling that the city resists.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
Both are true and the reason gives both mechanisms, and this dependence on weather is one reason the effect varies so much from night to night. Wind and cloud both weaken the island. Calm clear nights show it at its strongest.
The urban heat island is the tendency for cities to be
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
Correct answer: warmer than the countryside at night
The heat island is strongest after dark and under calm clear conditions. Concrete and asphalt store the day’s heat and release it slowly, buildings restrict the sky the surface can radiate to, there is little vegetation to cool by evaporation, and heating, traffic and air conditioning add heat directly. The daytime difference is usually much smaller.
The latitudinal imbalance of net radiation is that
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Correct answer: the tropics gain and high latitudes lose
Between roughly 38 degrees north and south the absorbed solar radiation exceeds the outgoing infrared, and poleward of those latitudes the reverse holds. Since neither region is warming or cooling without limit, energy must be carried polewards to close the balance - and that requirement is what drives the general circulation of the atmosphere and the ocean.
The lithosphere participates in the climate system chiefly through
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Silicate weathering removes carbon dioxide over millions of years and volcanism returns it, which sets the very long term background. On human timescales its role is largely static. Volcanism returns what weathering removes.
Consider the following statements about the ocean in the climate system.
1. It holds far more heat than the atmosphere.
2. It transports heat polewards alongside the atmosphere.
3. Its influence on climate is negligible on decadal timescales.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The first two are correct. The third is quite wrong, since the ocean is precisely what sets the decadal timescale of much climate variability, El Nino among them. Its heat capacity dwarfs the air. Ocean heat content is the better measure of warming.
Marks
Total number of questions : 20
Number of answered questions : 0
Number of unanswered questions : 20