Statements: Some actors are singers. All the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
1. Some actors are dancers.
2. No singer is actor.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Only (1) conclusion follows
Some actors are singers and all singers are dancers, so those actors are dancers - some actors are dancers. Conclusion 2 denies the first statement outright, which says some actors are singers. Only 1 follows.
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Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.
Conclusions:
1. All the flutes are instruments.
2. All the harmoniums are flutes.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion follows
All harmoniums are instruments and all instruments are flutes, so all harmoniums are flutes - conclusion 2. Conclusion 1 reverses a universal: all instruments being flutes does not make all flutes instruments. Only 2 follows.
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Statements: Some mangoes are yellow. Some tixo are mangoes.
Conclusions:
1. Some mangoes are green.
2. Tixo is a yellow.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Neither (1) nor (2) follows
Conclusion 1 brings in green, a colour the statements never mention. Conclusion 2 needs the mangoes that are yellow to be the same as the mangoes that are tixo, and two “somes” give no such assurance. Neither follows.
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Statements: Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.
Conclusions:
1. All the apples are parrots.
2. Some ants are apples.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion follows
Some ants are parrots and all parrots are apples, so those ants are apples - some ants are apples. Conclusion 1 reverses a universal: all parrots being apples does not make all apples parrots. Only 2 follows.
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Statements: Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens.
Conclusions:
1. Some pens are pencils.
2. Some pens are papers.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both (1) and (2) follow
All pencils are pens gives its converse, some pens are pencils - conclusion 1. And some papers being pens gives some pens are papers - conclusion 2. Both follow.
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Statements: All the actors are girls. All the girls are beautiful.
Conclusions:
1. All the actors are beautiful.
2. Some girls are actors.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both (1) and (2) follow
All actors are girls and all girls are beautiful, so all actors are beautiful - conclusion 1. And all actors being girls gives its converse, some girls are actors - conclusion 2. Both follow.
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Statements: All the windows are doors. No door is a wall.
Conclusions:
1. Some windows are walls.
2. No wall is a door.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion follows
No door is a wall, and that converts: no wall is a door - conclusion 2. Conclusion 1 is ruled out altogether, since all windows are doors and no door is a wall. Only 2 follows.
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Statements: All cups are books. All books are shirts.
Conclusions:
1. Some cups are not shirts.
2. Some shirts are cups.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion follows
All cups are books and all books are shirts, so all cups are shirts - and therefore some shirts are cups, conclusion 2. Conclusion 1 says the opposite of what follows. Only 2 follows.
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Statements: Some cows are crows. Some crows are elephants.
Conclusions:
1. Some cows are elephants.
2. All crows are elephants.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Neither (1) nor (2) follows
Both statements are particular - some cows are crows, some crows are elephants - and the crows in the two need not be the same, so nothing links cows to elephants. Conclusion 2 goes further still, making a universal out of a particular. Neither follows.
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Statements: No door is dog. All the dogs are cats.
Conclusions:
1. No door is cat.
2. No cat is door.
3. Some cats are dogs.
4. All the cats are dogs.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Only (3)
All dogs are cats gives its converse, some cats are dogs - conclusion 3. Conclusions 1 and 2 shut doors out of cats altogether, which does not follow: doors are excluded only from dogs. Conclusion 4 reverses a universal.
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