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Learner and Learning Process Questions and Answers

201.

Psychoanalysis is propounded by

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Psychoanalysis was propounded by Sigmund Freud.

Freud developed the method and the theory of the unconscious, the id, ego and superego, and the analysis of dreams and free association at the end of the nineteenth century.

Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and Alfred Adler founded individual psychology, both after breaking with Freud. Anna Freud, his daughter, extended psychoanalysis to children and wrote on the ego's defence mechanisms but did not propound it.

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202.

Match the following in List - I with that of in List - II in the correct order :

List - IList - II
a. Alfred Adler1. TAT
b. Henry Murray2. Inferiority feelings
c. Sigmund Freud3. Creative thinking
d. Wallach-Kogan4. Defence mechanism
5. Critical thinking

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The correct code is a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.

Alfred Adler is known for inferiority feelings (2), Henry Murray devised the Thematic Apperception Test, TAT (1), Sigmund Freud described defence mechanisms (4), and Wallach and Kogan studied creative thinking (3). That gives 2, 1, 4, 3, which is option (C).

Options (A), (B) and (D) each pair Adler with something other than inferiority feelings, or Murray with something other than the TAT, so they are wrong. Item 5, critical thinking, is not matched to any name in List I.

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203.

Critically judge the following :

Assertion (A) : Creativity can be nurtured in the classroom.
Reason (R) : If the teacher is open to experience and tolerant of ambiguity

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both (A) and (R) are correct.

Creativity is not fixed at birth, and classroom practice can encourage it. The reason names the conditions that do so: a teacher who is open to experience and accepts ambiguity lets pupils try unusual ideas without fear of being wrong.

Options that call only one of the two statements correct, or neither, fail because each statement is accepted in the literature on fostering creativity.

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204.

Purpose of guidance is to

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The purpose of guidance is to prevent conflicts from overcoming the child.

Guidance helps an individual understand himself and his problems and develop the strength to handle them, so that conflicts do not overwhelm him or disrupt his growth.

No guidance programme can free a child of all serious conflicts, or stop conflicts arising in his life, since some are part of growing up. Making pupils conform to school rules is discipline, not the aim of guidance.

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205.

In handling placement services, one should remember that

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Both statements (B) and (C) hold.

A sound placement service includes preparation and training for jobs as well as the finding of vacancies, and follow-up of the person placed is a function of counselling, since it shows how well the choice worked and what further help is needed.

Statement (A) is not accepted because placement and counselling are closely linked, and a placement officer may be called on to counsel. Hence the answer is the option combining (B) and (C).

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206.

The key advantage of using group counselling over individual counselling is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The key advantage of group counselling is peer exploration of issues.

In a group, members hear how others have faced similar problems, compare views and test ideas. This sharing among peers is something individual counselling cannot give.

Individual counselling gives better confidentiality and makes it easier to speak about emotions, so those are its advantages. Social interaction is a general feature of any group, and the key chooses the sharing of issues among peers.

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207.

Psychogy's major contribution to education lies in

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

Psychology's major contribution to education lies in providing a scientific foundation for the art of teaching.

Psychology supplies tested knowledge about learning, development, motivation and individual differences, which turns teaching from guesswork into a practice with a scientific basis.

Defining the goals of education (option A) is the role of philosophy and society. Identifying methods (option B) and comparing their effectiveness (option D) are results of that scientific base, not the contribution itself.

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208.

The determinants of individual differences in human being relate to

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: D

Individual differences are determined by an interaction between factors of heredity and factors of environment.

Heredity gives the potential and environment decides how far it develops, so both act together and affect each other. Neither explains the differences alone.

Options A and B are wrong because they give one factor only. Option C names both but treats them as separate, adding. The keyed answer is the interactive account in option D.

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209.

Which of the following characteristics is not true of divergent thinking ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

Correctness of ideas is not a characteristic of divergent thinking.

Guilford's divergent thinking aims at many varied answers to an open problem. It is judged by fluency (the number of ideas), flexibility (the range of categories), originality or novelty and elaboration.

Correctness belongs to convergent thinking, which seeks the single right answer. So flexibility (A), novelty (B) and fluency (D) are characteristics of divergent thinking, and correctness (C) is not.

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210.

Research has constantly demonstrated that the best single index for readiness for a given academic task is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: D

The best single index of readiness for a given academic task is the mental age (MA).

Mental age expresses the level of mental functioning a child has reached, so it shows whether he or she has the maturity needed for a particular task, such as learning to read.

The IQ (option A) is a ratio of mental age to chronological age and describes relative brightness, not the level reached. The achievement quotient (option B) compares attainment with ability. The emotional quotient (option C) concerns emotional skills. The keyed answer is the one for MA, option D.

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