Sometimes we went off the road and on a path through the pine forest. The floor of the forest was soft to walk on; the frost did not harden it as it did the road. But we did not mind the hardness of the road because we had nails in the soles and heels; the nails bit on the frozen ruts and with nailed boots it was good walking on the road and invigorating. It was lovely walking in the woods.
We found great joy on account of
Answer: D
Correct answer: walking on frost with nailed boots on
The passage says the nails bit on the frozen ruts and that with nailed boots it was good walking on the road and invigorating. The pleasure comes from the combination: the boots alone or the frost alone would not produce it.
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Sometimes we walked through the pine forest as
Answer: A
Correct answer: the path was unaffected by the frost
The forest is contrasted with the road precisely on this point: its floor was soft because the frost had not hardened it. The enjoyment of the woods is mentioned, but as a consequence of that softness rather than as the reason for taking the path.
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Many sociologists have argued that there is a functional relationship between education and economic system. They point to the fact that mass formal education began in industrial society. They note that the expansion of the economies of industrial societies is accompanied by a corresponding expansion of their educational systems. They explain this correspondence in terms of the needs of industry for skilled and trained manpower, needs which are met by the educational system. Thus, the provision of mass elementary education in Britain in 1870 can be seen as a response to the needs of industry for a literate and numerate workforce at a time when industrial processes were becoming more complex and the demand for technical skills was steadily growing.
The industry needs a literate work-force because
Answer: D
Correct answer: its operations need intricate technical knowledge
The passage explains the 1870 provision of mass elementary education as a response to industry's need for a literate and numerate workforce at a time when industrial processes were becoming more complex and the demand for technical skills was steadily growing. Complexity of process is the reason it gives.
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The author argues that
Answer: A
Correct answer: formal education can be traced to industrial society
The sociologists' first piece of evidence is that mass formal education began in industrial society. The later expansion of education alongside the economy is a second observation, and vocational education and changes of pattern are never mentioned.
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The observations of the sociologists are based on a study of
Answer: D
Correct answer: the correlation between industry and education in a historical context
Their case rests on two historical observations set side by side: that mass formal education began in industrial society, and that educational systems expanded as industrial economies did. The 1870 example supplies the historical setting for that correlation.
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The Sociologists referred to it in the passage say that the relationship between industry and elementary education was one
Answer: B
Correct answer: based entirely on the need of the industry
The passage says the correspondence is explained in terms of the needs of industry for skilled and trained manpower, needs which are met by the educational system. Industry has the needs and education supplies them; nothing in the passage describes a need running the other way.
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By 'functional relationship' is meant
Answer: B
Correct answer: practical and utilitarian relationship
A functional relationship is one in which each part serves a purpose for the other, and the passage spells that purpose out: education produces the literate, numerate workers that industry requires. Nothing is said about how long the relationship lasts or how firmly it holds.
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The Indian middle class consists of so many strata that it defies categorisation under a single term class, which would imply a considerable degree of homogeneity. Yet two paradoxical features characterise its conduct fairly uniformly; extensive practice and intensive abhorrence of corruption.
In the several recent surveys of popular perceptions of corruptions, politicians of course invariably and understandably top the list, closely followed by bureaucrats, policemen, lawyers, businessmen and others. The quintessential middle class. If teachers do not figure high on this priority list, it is not for lack of trying, but for lack of opportunities. Over the years, the sense of shock over acts of corruption in the middle class has witnessed a steady decline, as its ambitions for a better material life have soared but the resources for meeting such ambitions have not kept pace.
What is fascinating, however, is the intense yearning of this class for a clean corruptionless politics and society, a yearning that has again and again surfaced with any figure, public or obscure, who focuses on his mission of eradicating corruption. Even the repeated failure of this promise on virtually every man's part has not subjected it to the law of diminishing returns.
The intense Middle Class intensely yearns for
Answer: C
Correct answer: clean honest society
The passage calls it the intense yearning of this class for a clean corruptionless politics and society, and notes that the yearning survives every disappointment. Better material resources are what the class wants for itself; the yearning in question is what it wants for the country.
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Teachers are not high on the list of corruption because they do not have
Answer: B
Correct answer: Opportunities
The passage says that if teachers do not figure high on the list, it is not for lack of trying, but for lack of opportunities. That wording rules out any explanation resting on their character or their willingness.
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The indian middle class is
Answer: C
Correct answer: Stratified
The first sentence says the middle class consists of so many strata that it defies categorisation under a single term class, which would imply a considerable degree of homogeneity. Homogeneity is precisely what the passage denies, and it denies it by pointing to the strata.
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