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Cloud Electrification and Lightning Questions and Answers

61.

Consider the following statements about thunderstorm charge structure.
1. The main negative centre lies in the mixed phase region.
2. A broad positive region sits above it near the anvil.
3. The charge structure is identical in every thunderstorm.

Answer: D

The first two are correct and describe the classical tripole. The third is not so, and inverted structures with the polarity reversed are observed in some severe storms on the plains. Such storms produce anomalously many positive flashes.

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62.

Assertion (A): Some severe storms exhibit an inverted charge structure.
Reason (R): High liquid water content shifts the sign of the non-inductive charge transfer.

Answer: A

Both are true and the reason gives the microphysical cause, and such storms produce anomalously many positive cloud to ground flashes. The link between microphysics and flash polarity is direct here. Liquid water content is the controlling variable.

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63.

Lightning activity in a storm is often observed to peak

Answer: B

Charging is most vigorous during the growth of the updraught and the graupel it supports. The lightning jump is used operationally as a short term indicator of storm intensification. The signal often leads severe weather by tens of minutes.

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64.

State whether the following is true or false.
A rapid increase in total lightning rate can precede severe weather at the surface.

Answer: C

Correct answer: True

A sharp increase in total flash rate - the lightning jump - reflects an intensifying updraught carrying more ice aloft, and it frequently precedes hail, damaging wind or a tornado at the surface by five to twenty minutes. Because total lightning includes intracloud flashes, which respond earlier than cloud-to-ground ones, it is used operationally as a nowcasting signal.

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65.

Total lightning refers to

Answer: D

Networks measuring both give a fuller picture of storm electrification than cloud to ground alone. The intracloud rate responds to updraught changes earlier than the cloud to ground rate does. Charging begins aloft before the lower centre forms.

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66.

Assertion (A): Intracloud flash rate responds to updraught intensification sooner than the cloud to ground rate.
Reason (R): Charging begins aloft in the mixed phase region before the lower charge centre develops.

Answer: A

Both are true and the reason gives the sequence, and this is why total lightning is preferred for nowcasting. Cloud to ground activity lags the intracloud signal noticeably. Total lightning is therefore the more useful measurement.

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67.

Ball lightning is

Answer: B

Correct answer: a rarely observed luminous sphere of uncertain physical origin

Ball lightning is reported as a glowing sphere of tens of centimetres persisting for seconds, sometimes moving against the wind or passing through windows. Reports are numerous and consistent enough to be taken seriously, laboratory reproduction has been at best partial, and no accepted physical explanation exists. It is quite distinct from Saint Elmo’s fire, which is a well-understood corona discharge.

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68.

Saint Elmo's fire is

Answer: C

Correct answer: a corona discharge from pointed objects in a strong field

In the strong field beneath a thundercloud, the field concentrates at pointed conductors - masts, aerials, aircraft extremities, the horns of cattle - until it exceeds the local breakdown strength and a continuous glow discharge forms. It is a warning that the field is high and a strike is possible, though the discharge itself is harmless and carries only a small current.

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69.

Three of the following are electrical phenomena occurring below the cloud base. Which is the odd one out?

Answer: D

Sprites occur tens of kilometres above the storm rather than below it. The other three all take place between the cloud base and the ground. Transient luminous events belong to the upper atmosphere. Sprites sit tens of kilometres above the cloud top.

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70.

Charge separation requires work to be done because

Answer: A

The updraught supplies the mechanical energy, which is ultimately derived from latent heat release. A thunderstorm is therefore a heat engine driving an electrical generator. Convection supplies the mechanical work required.

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