The object underlying the rules of natural justice "is to prevent miscarriage of justice” and secure "fair play in action”. As pointed out earlier the requirement about recording of reasons for its decision by an administrative authority exercising quasi-judicial functions achieves this object by excluding chances of arbitrariness and ensuring a degree of fairness in the process of decision making. Keeping in view the expanding horizon of the principle of natural justice which governs the exercise of power by administrative authorities, it must be borne in mind that the rules of natural justice are not embodied rules. The extent of their application depends upon the particular statutory framework whereunder jurisdiction has been conferred on the administrative authority. With regard to the exercise of particular power by an administrative authority including exercise of judicial or quasi-judicial functions the legislature, while conferring the said power, may feel that it would not be in the larger public interest that the reasons for the order passed by the administrative authority be recorded in the order and be communicated to the aggrieved party and it may dispense with such a requirement.
"To dispense with a requirement" means
Answer: A
Correct answer: To do without the demand
The passage says the legislature may feel that recording reasons is not in the larger public interest and it may dispense with such a requirement. The requirement is set aside rather than altered or cancelled as a charge, and only one procedure is at issue rather than all formal procedure.
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According to the passage, natural justice can be brought about by
Answer: D
Correct answer: Administrative authority observing the rules of fair play
The passage says the object of the rules is to secure fair play in action, and that recording reasons achieves it by excluding chances of arbitrariness and ensuring a degree of fairness in the process of decision making. Fair play in the process is what produces natural justice.
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It is to progress in the human sciences that we must look to undo the evils which have resulted from a knowledge of physical world hastily and superficially acquired by populations unconscious of the changes in themselves that the new knowledge has made imperative. The road to a happier world than any known in the past lies open before us if atavistic destructive passions can be kept in leash while the necessary adaptations are made. Fears are inevitable in time, but hopes are equally rational and far more likely to bear good fruit. We must learn to think rather less of the dangers to be avoided than of the good that will lie within our grasp if we can believe in it and let it dominate our thoughts. Science, whatever unpleasant consequences it may have by the way, is in its very nature a liberator, a liberator from bondage to physical nature and in time to come, a liberator from the weight of destructive passions. We are on the threshold of utter disaster or unprecedentedly glorious achievement. No previous age has been fraught with problems so momentous; and it is to science that we must look to for a happy future.
What does science liberate us from?
Answer: B
Correct answer: Slavery to physical nature and from passions
The passage says science is a liberator from bondage to physical nature and in time to come, a liberator from the weight of destructive passions. Both halves must be kept: the option naming only physical nature stops at the first, and fear is not what the sentence says science frees us from.
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Human sciences should be developed because they will
Answer: D
Correct answer: Eliminate the destruction caused by a superficial knowledge of the physical world
The passage opens by saying it is to the human sciences that we must look to undo the evils which have resulted from a knowledge of the physical world hastily and superficially acquired. That is the reason it gives, and it is a reason about undoing harm rather than about adding knowledge.
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If man's bestial yearning is controlled
Answer: B
Correct answer: The future will be brighter than the present
The passage says the road to a happier world than any known in the past lies open before us if atavistic destructive passions can be kept in leash. The bestial yearning is those passions; the reward for controlling them is a world happier than any yet seen, which is more than merely tolerable.
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Fears and hopes according to the author
Answer: A
Correct answer: Are closely linked with the life of modern man
The passage treats both as constant companions of the present moment: fears are inevitable in time, but hopes are equally rational, and we stand on the threshold of utter disaster or unprecedentedly glorious achievement. It calls hopes rational, so they are not irrational, and it is hopes rather than fears that it says will bear good fruit.
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To carve out a bright future man should
Answer: D
Correct answer: Cultivate a positive outlook
The passage says we must learn to think rather less of the dangers to be avoided than of the good that will lie within our grasp if we can believe in it and let it dominate our thoughts. Analysing and avoiding dangers is exactly the habit it asks us to think less about.
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In the world today we make health an end in itself. We have forgotten that health is really a means to enable a person to do his work and do it well. a lot of modern medicine and this includes many patients as well as many physicians pays very little attention to health but very much attention to those who imagine that they are ill. Our great concern with health is shown by the medical columns in newspapers. the health articles in popular magazines and the popularity of television programmes and all those books on medicine. We talk about health all the time. Yet for the most part the only result is more people with imaginary illness. The healthy man should not be wasting time talking about health: he should be using health for work. He should be doing the work that good health makes possible.
Modern medicine is primarily concerned with
Answer: B
Correct answer: People suffering from imaginary illness
The passage says modern medicine pays very little attention to health but very much attention to those who imagine that they are ill. Promoting good health is exactly what it says medicine neglects.
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The passage suggests that
Answer: C
Correct answer: Health is only means to an end
The passage's thesis is stated twice: we make health an end in itself, forgetting that health is really a means to enable a person to do his work and do it well. The first option is the error the passage identifies, not its view.
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Talking about the health all time makes people
Answer: D
Correct answer: Often suffer from imaginary illness
The passage says that although we talk about health all the time, for the most part the only result is more people with imaginary illness. For the most part is a statement of frequency without claiming it always happens, which is what often preserves.
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