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Common Health Problems and Programmes Questions and Answers

181.

The non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension is age: blood pressure tends to rise with age and nothing can be done about the years. Obesity, stress and salt intake can be changed by weight reduction, stress management and diet, so they are modifiable. The answer is (D). Controlling the modifiable factors can reduce the risk even though age cannot be changed.

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182.

A case of acute flaccid paralysis must be observed for how many days for residual paralysis after onset of paralysis ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

A case of acute flaccid paralysis must be followed up for 60 days after the onset of paralysis to see if there is residual paralysis, which is how a case of poliomyelitis is confirmed or discarded in the surveillance programme. A 15, 30 or 45 day period is too short to decide. The answer is (D). The follow-up is important because only paralysis that persists after that time is counted as polio in surveillance.

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183.

Fast breathing in a two years old child is recognised at

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Fast breathing in a child of two years is a respiratory rate of 40 breaths a minute or more. The thresholds in the standard case management of acute respiratory infection are 60 or more for a child under 2 months, 50 or more for 2 to 12 months and 40 or more for 12 months to 5 years. A two year old falls into the last group, so the answer is (C), 40 breaths. The values 60 and 50 are for younger infants. The count is taken for a full minute while the child is calm, to avoid error.

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184.

Yellow fever is absent in India because

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The keyed reason for the absence of yellow fever in India is that the virus is not present: the disease has never been established in the country. The vector, Aedes aegypti, is present and the population is not immune, so the other reasons, the climate, the missing vector and an immune population, are not true. The answer is (B). Vaccination of travellers from endemic regions is required for this reason.

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185.

There are no subclinical cases in which of the following infectious diseases ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

There are no subclinical cases in measles: almost everyone who is infected shows the disease, which is why it is often used as an example of an infection with no carriers and no subclinical cases. Poliomyelitis, cholera and diphtheria all have many inapparent infections. The answer is (A). This is one reason why measles is thought to be a good candidate for elimination by vaccination. Subclinical cases are those in which the infection is present but gives no recognisable disease.

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186.

National Malaria Control Programme was rechristened as National Malaria Eradication Program in 1958. When was the National Anti-Malaria Programme introduced ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The National Anti-Malaria Programme was introduced in 1999 in the keyed answer, after the National Malaria Control Programme of 1953 had become the National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958. The dates 1979, 1989 and 2009 are not the year given by the key. The answer is (B). The programme was renamed in 1999 and that was followed by the Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme.

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187.

According to WHO, blindness is defined as a visual acuity of the better eye, less than

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: D

Under the WHO definition, blindness is a visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye with best possible correction, or a visual field of less than 10 degrees around the central fixation point. It means the person cannot count fingers at three metres, though a normal eye sees at sixty metres what this person sees at three. The thresholds of 6/60, 5/60 and 4/60 are higher acuities and mark low vision or earlier grades of visual impairment, and so are not the cut-off used for blindness.

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188.

Earliest sensation to be lost in Hansen's Disease is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: B

The official key gives touch as the earliest sensation lost in Hansen's disease. Nerve damage in leprosy starts in the thin fibres of the skin, so light touch and temperature sensation are the first to be impaired in a patch, and pain follows. Vibration sense is carried by large fibres and is lost late. Many textbooks name temperature as the very first, so the order of touch against temperature is debated; this explanation follows the official key and a reviewer may wish to check it.

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189.

Which of the following diseases is transmitted by rat flea ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: D

Endemic or murine typhus is transmitted by the rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, which carries Rickettsia typhi from rats to man. Trench fever is spread by the body louse, Chagas disease by reduviid bugs, and oriental sore, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, by sandflies. So of the four diseases only endemic typhus is a flea-borne infection, and plague is the other well-known disease carried by the rat flea.

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190.

Following things are true about cholera :

I. Cholera is both on epidemic and endemic disease in India.
II. Most of the Eltor vibrios isolated in India belong to Ogawa serotype.
III. An attack of cholera gives life long immunity.
IV. Incubation period is generally 5-10 days.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: D

Statements I and II are true. Cholera is both epidemic and endemic in India, and most El Tor vibrios isolated in India belong to the Ogawa serotype. Statement III is false, since an attack gives only short-lived immunity, and statement IV is false because the incubation period is short, from a few hours to about five days, and not 5 to 10 days. So only the code with I and II is correct.

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