ICT Fundamentals for Libraries Questions and Answers

Answer: B

The connectionless protocol is UDP.

The User Datagram Protocol sends datagrams without first setting up a connection, and without acknowledgements or retransmission. That makes it fast and light, which suits streaming, DNS lookups and online games, where speed matters more than guaranteed delivery.

TCP is connection-oriented: it sets up a connection with a three-way handshake and guarantees ordered delivery. HTTP and FTP are application protocols that traditionally run over TCP, so they are not called connectionless.

Answer: C

SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization.

Search engine optimization is the practice of improving a website's content, structure and links so that it ranks higher in the unpaid results of search engines such as Google. Libraries use it to make their catalogues, repositories and websites easier to find.

'Search E-mail Operation', 'Search Engine Operation' and 'Search Mail Optimization' are not real terms; they are distractors built from parts of the correct expansion.

Answer: D

The process that is not required is controlling.

Before a program written in a high-level language can run, it must be translated into machine code by a compiler or interpreter, linked with the library routines it uses by a linker, and loaded into memory by a loader. These are the standard steps in preparing a program for execution.

'Controlling' is not a step in this sequence; it is a general management term, not part of turning source code into a running program.

Answer: B

The encoded data is held in the data element.

A QR code has functional patterns and a data area. The three large squares at the corners (positioning or finder patterns), along with alignment and timing patterns, help a scanner locate and orient the code. The encoded information itself, with its error-correction codewords, sits in the data region made up of the remaining modules.

The positioning elements do not carry the data, and 'location' and 'programme' are not parts of a QR code.

Answer: D

The correct matching is a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i.

• The QR code was invented in 1994 by Denso Wave, a Toyota group company in Japan (iii).
• RFID technology is linked in this list with Raytheon's Raytag, an early commercial RFID product (iv).
• Biometrics goes back to Sir William Herschel, who used fingerprints to identify people in British India from 1858 (ii).
• The barcode was patented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver in 1952 (i).

The other options misassign these well-known origins, for example giving Herschel the QR code or Woodland and Silver RFID.

Answer: B

Geocoding means Assigning geographic coordinates to an address.

Geocoding converts a place description, such as a street address or place name, into latitude and longitude so that it can be mapped and searched by location. The reverse process is reverse geocoding.

It has nothing to do with geology, earthquakes or weather forecasting.

Answer: B

The protocol is ARP.

The Address Resolution Protocol finds the hardware (MAC) address that goes with a known IP address on a local network, so that frames can be delivered; RARP did the reverse.

TCP provides reliable transport, ICMP carries error and control messages (as used by ping), and BOOTP assigns IP addresses to booting machines.

Answer: A

Asynchronous transmission is also called Start-stop transmission.

In asynchronous transmission each character is sent separately, framed by a start bit and one or more stop bits, so the receiver can synchronise on every character without a shared clock.

One-way and two-way describe simplex and duplex communication, and continuous streaming is closer to synchronous transmission, where blocks of data flow under a common clock.

Answer: B

The answer is Packet switching.

Packet switching breaks data into packets that share the links with other traffic, so capacity is used only when there is data to send, which improves utilisation. Packets can also take different routes, so the network keeps working if a link or node fails, which gives fault tolerance.

Circuit switching reserves a dedicated path for the whole call, wasting capacity during silences and failing if the path breaks. Message switching stores and forwards whole messages, with long delays, and 'virtual switching' is not a standard switching method.

Answer: B

IPv6 is also known as IPng.

During its development in the 1990s, the successor to IPv4 was called IP Next Generation (IPng); it was standardised as IPv6 with 128-bit addresses.

IP6G, IPig and IP5G are not names of IPv6.