Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Answer: B

This describes the emotion-oriented strategy, so the answer is Only 3. A person using it reacts with feelings, venting anger and frustration, and concludes that nothing can be done. The task-oriented strategy deals with the problem directly by planning and acting, and the avoidance-oriented strategy tries to stay away from the stressor. Biofeedback is a technique for managing stress, not a coping strategy of this type.

Task-oriented coping solves the problem, avoidance-oriented coping withdraws from it, and emotion-oriented coping reacts with feelings, as in the stem.

Answer: A

Piaget called the stage in which the child keeps asking questions the stage of intuitive thought, a sub-stage of the preoperational period at about 4 to 7 years. The child is curious, asks 'why' and 'how', and believes things without logical proof, which is why it is called intuitive. 'Stage of abstraction' belongs to the formal operational thinking of later years, and 'monologue' and 'egocentrism' describe other features of the preoperational child, not the questioning stage.

Answer: C

The imaginary audience and the personal fable are the two components of adolescent egocentrism, described by David Elkind. The imaginary audience is the belief that everyone is watching and judging oneself, and the personal fable is the belief that one's experiences are unique and that nothing bad can happen to oneself. Neither is a characteristic of early childhood, late childhood or adulthood.

Early childhood egocentrism is the failure to take another's point of view, whereas adolescent egocentrism is about believing oneself to be the centre of attention.

Answer: A

The key says that paying respect by saying Namaste or Good morning is language used without thought. Such greetings are social habits spoken automatically, which Vygotsky described as language that does not serve thinking. Imitative behaviour and keenly observing others involve attention to something, and inner speech is the clearest case of language joined with thought, so it is the opposite of the stem.

For Vygotsky, thought and speech start separate and join at about age two, so language without thought, as in a habitual greeting, is a surviving social habit.

Answer: C

Panic disorder is the anxiety disorder in which the person has recurrent attacks of intense terror, often with a racing heart, breathlessness and a feeling of losing control. Phobic disorder is an irrational fear of a specific object or situation, and post-traumatic stress disorder follows an extremely stressful event and involves re-experiencing it. 'Traumatic attack' is not a recognised anxiety disorder.

In a panic attack the person has sweating, palpitations and fear of dying, and the attack comes unexpectedly with no specific trigger.

Answer: A

Hypochondriasis, the persistent preoccupation with having a serious illness despite medical reassurance, comes under somatoform disorders, in which psychological distress shows as physical complaints. Somatisation disorder and conversion disorder are particular kinds of somatoform disorder, not the broader class that the stem asks about. Dissociative disorders involve a break in memory, identity or awareness.

Hypochondriasis is more recently called illness anxiety disorder, in which the fear of illness continues despite normal medical tests.

Answer: C

ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, is the condition in which children remain in constant motion, talk incessantly and run around aimlessly, along with inattention and impulsivity. PDD (pervasive developmental disorder) and ASD (autism spectrum disorder) involve difficulties in social interaction and communication, and ODD (oppositional defiant disorder) is a pattern of defiance and hostility towards authority.

ADHD is diagnosed before the age of twelve, and its core features are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Answer: C

The key credits NIMHANS, Bengaluru, with the research that found Kundalini Yoga Kriya reduces depression. NIMHANS, the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, has carried out much yoga-based research on mental health. I could not independently confirm the study, so the key is followed. CIP Ranchi, IHBAS Delhi and IIP Noida are the other institutes named and are not the key's choice.

NIMHANS, in Bengaluru, is a leading institute for mental health and neurosciences, and it has published studies on yoga in the treatment of depression.

Answer: C

The key gives early adolescence. This follows the stage of moral reasoning in which the person judges right and wrong by a set of rules set by others, such as society and law, which belongs to the conventional level of moral development. It is reached around early adolescence. Late childhood and early adulthood do not fit the stem, and late adolescence is a later stage, when the person's own principles become more important.

Kohlberg placed conventional morality, where rules set by others guide judgment, mostly in adolescence, before the post-conventional level at which personal principles guide it.

Answer: A

The statement that psychological disorders are grouped into classes based on their unique characteristics is the one the key marks as not true. Classification groups disorders by shared features and symptoms, not by what is unique to each, which is why they can be placed in classes. It is the other three statements that the key treats as true: classification helps social workers and other professionals, and helps in understanding how disorders develop and what causes them.