Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List IList II(i) Patrimonialism(a) Argentina between 1966-1973(ii) Majoritarianism(b) Iraq during 1979 to 2003(iii) Bureaucratic authoritarianism(c) Czar during 12th century to 1917(iv) Military dictatorship(d) Athenian democracy

The correct matching is (i-c), (ii-d), (iii-a), (iv-b).Patrimonialism, rule as the personal property of the ruler, fits the Russian Czars (c).Majoritarianism, rule by the majority of citizens, fits Athenian democracy (d).Bureaucratic authoritarianism, Guillermo O'Donnell's term, was drawn from Argentina between 1966 and 1973 (a).Military dictatorship fits Iraq from 1979 to 2003 (b), the period of Saddam Hussein.The other codes misplace the Athenian and Argentine cases, so only the first option matches all four.

Comparative Political Analysis Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched ?1. Dependency theory - Samir Amin2. Liberal theory of development - Lucian Pye3. Theory of alienation - Karl Marx4. Theory of negative - John RawlsSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :Codes :

The correct pairs are 1, 2 and 3.Samir Amin is a leading dependency (and world-system) theorist.Lucian Pye is a liberal theorist of political development and modernisation.Karl Marx developed the theory of alienation, in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844.The fourth pair, printed 'Theory of negative - John Rawls', is wrong: the theory of negative liberty is associated with Isaiah Berlin, and Rawls is known for his theory of justice. So the codes including 4 are ruled out, and '1 and 2' leaves out the correct third pair.

Q: Identify the non-democratic regimes from the following :

The non-democratic regime is Cuba.Since the revolution of 1959 Cuba has been a one-party state ruled by the Communist Party, with no competitive elections between parties and limits on the press and on opposition. That is the defining feature of a non-democratic regime.Switzerland, Australia and Denmark are established democracies with free multi-party elections, independent courts and protected civil liberties.

Q: In which of the following developing countries transition from democracy to consolidated democracy can be witnessed ?

The country is India.A democracy is called consolidated when democratic rules have become 'the only game in town': regular, free elections, peaceful changes of government and no serious force seeking power outside the constitution. India has held elections and transferred power peacefully since 1952, with the Emergency of 1975-77 ending through an election, and is the standard developing-country example of democratic consolidation.Pakistan has repeatedly fallen under military rule, Kenya was a one-party state for long periods, and Uruguay (spelt 'Uruguway' in the paper) had a military dictatorship from 1973 to 1985.

Q: Choose the incorrect statement :

The incorrect statement is that the animal rights movement cannot be called a new social movement because it is not related to human rights.New social movements, which grew in Western post-industrial societies from the 1960s, are defined by their concern with identity, lifestyle, values and quality of life rather than class and wages. The environmental, peace, feminist, gay rights and animal rights movements are all standard examples, so the animal rights movement is a new social movement whatever its link with human rights.The other statements are accepted: these movements often frame their claims as rights, the gay rights movement is a classic case, and they arose in the 1960s in post-industrial economies.

Q: Which among the following is not new social movements ?

The one that is not a new social movement is the Peasant movement.Peasant movements are counted among the old social movements, because they are organised around class and material interests such as land, rent, prices and debt, much like the labour movement.The women's movement, the ecology movement and the gay rights movement are the standard examples of new social movements, which centre on identity, values, the environment and personal autonomy rather than on economic class.

Q: Which of the following political systems has multiparty system ?

The multiparty system is found in France.France has several significant parties on the left, centre and right, and governments and parliamentary majorities are usually built from alliances among them. That is the mark of a multiparty system.The USA is the classic two-party system (Democrats and Republicans). Great Britain has been dominated by the Conservative and Labour parties, and Australian politics turns on the contest between Labor and the Liberal-National Coalition. These are usually classed as two-party systems even though smaller parties exist.

Q: Which among the following is not the feature of constitutionalism ?

The one that is not a feature of constitutionalism is Unlimited rule.Constitutionalism is the idea of limited government: the powers of rulers are defined and restrained by a constitution, which is supreme over ordinary law and protects the rights of citizens. Unlimited rule is its direct opposite.A written constitution, the supremacy of the constitution and the protection of citizens' rights are all typical features. Strictly a constitution need not be written (Britain's is not), but a written text is the usual form and is listed as a feature.

Q: Who is associated with the sentence ?'The will of the people is the product and not the motive power of political process.'

The sentence is from Joseph Schumpeter.In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942), Schumpeter rejected the 'classical doctrine' that democracy carries out the will of the people. He argued that this will is largely manufactured by competing leaders and parties, so it is the product, not the motive power, of the political process. Democracy, for him, is simply a competitive struggle for the people's vote.Robert Dahl developed the theory of polyarchy, Steven Lukes (spelt 'Lukas' here) wrote on power, and S. M. Lipset on the social conditions of democracy.

21.

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched ?

1. Dependency theory - Samir Amin
2. Liberal theory of development - Lucian Pye
3. Theory of alienation - Karl Marx
4. Theory of negative - John Rawls

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Codes :

A.1, 2, 3 and 4
B.1 and 2
C.3 and 4
D.1, 2 and 3

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

The correct pairs are 1, 2 and 3.

Samir Amin is a leading dependency (and world-system) theorist.
Lucian Pye is a liberal theorist of political development and modernisation.
Karl Marx developed the theory of alienation, in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844.

The fourth pair, printed 'Theory of negative - John Rawls', is wrong: the theory of negative liberty is associated with Isaiah Berlin, and Rawls is known for his theory of justice. So the codes including 4 are ruled out, and '1 and 2' leaves out the correct third pair.

Discuss in Forum

22.

Identify the non-democratic regimes from the following :

A.Switzerland
B.Australia
C.Cuba
D.Denmark

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The non-democratic regime is Cuba.

Since the revolution of 1959 Cuba has been a one-party state ruled by the Communist Party, with no competitive elections between parties and limits on the press and on opposition. That is the defining feature of a non-democratic regime.

Switzerland, Australia and Denmark are established democracies with free multi-party elections, independent courts and protected civil liberties.

Discuss in Forum

23.

In which of the following developing countries transition from democracy to consolidated democracy can be witnessed ?

A.Kenya
B.India
C.Uruguway
D.Pakistan

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The country is India.

A democracy is called consolidated when democratic rules have become 'the only game in town': regular, free elections, peaceful changes of government and no serious force seeking power outside the constitution. India has held elections and transferred power peacefully since 1952, with the Emergency of 1975-77 ending through an election, and is the standard developing-country example of democratic consolidation.

Pakistan has repeatedly fallen under military rule, Kenya was a one-party state for long periods, and Uruguay (spelt 'Uruguway' in the paper) had a military dictatorship from 1973 to 1985.

Discuss in Forum

24.

Choose the incorrect statement :

A.New social movements focus on issues related to human rights.
B.Gay rights movement can be considered as new social movement.
C.New social movement emerged in mid 1960 i.e. in a post-industrial economy.
D.Animal rights movement cannot be called new social movement as it is not related to human rights.

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The incorrect statement is that the animal rights movement cannot be called a new social movement because it is not related to human rights.

New social movements, which grew in Western post-industrial societies from the 1960s, are defined by their concern with identity, lifestyle, values and quality of life rather than class and wages. The environmental, peace, feminist, gay rights and animal rights movements are all standard examples, so the animal rights movement is a new social movement whatever its link with human rights.

The other statements are accepted: these movements often frame their claims as rights, the gay rights movement is a classic case, and they arose in the 1960s in post-industrial economies.

Discuss in Forum

25.

Which among the following is not new social movements ?

A.Women's movement
B.Ecology movement
C.Gay rights movements
D.Peasant movement

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The one that is not a new social movement is the Peasant movement.

Peasant movements are counted among the old social movements, because they are organised around class and material interests such as land, rent, prices and debt, much like the labour movement.

The women's movement, the ecology movement and the gay rights movement are the standard examples of new social movements, which centre on identity, values, the environment and personal autonomy rather than on economic class.

Discuss in Forum

26.

Which of the following political systems has multiparty system ?

A.USA
B.Great Britain
C.France
D.Australia

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The multiparty system is found in France.

France has several significant parties on the left, centre and right, and governments and parliamentary majorities are usually built from alliances among them. That is the mark of a multiparty system.

The USA is the classic two-party system (Democrats and Republicans). Great Britain has been dominated by the Conservative and Labour parties, and Australian politics turns on the contest between Labor and the Liberal-National Coalition. These are usually classed as two-party systems even though smaller parties exist.

Discuss in Forum

27.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I	List II
(i) Patrimonialism	(a) Argentina between 1966-1973
(ii) Majoritarianism	(b) Iraq during 1979 to 2003
(iii) Bureaucratic authoritarianism	(c) Czar during 12th century to 1917
(iv) Military dictatorship	(d) Athenian democracy

A.(i-c), (ii-d), (iii-a), (iv-b)
B.(i-b), (ii-c), (iii-a), (iv-d)
C.(i-a), (ii-b), (iii-c), (iv-d)
D.(i-d), (ii-c), (iii-b), (iv-a)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The correct matching is (i-c), (ii-d), (iii-a), (iv-b).

Patrimonialism, rule as the personal property of the ruler, fits the Russian Czars (c).
Majoritarianism, rule by the majority of citizens, fits Athenian democracy (d).
Bureaucratic authoritarianism, Guillermo O'Donnell's term, was drawn from Argentina between 1966 and 1973 (a).
Military dictatorship fits Iraq from 1979 to 2003 (b), the period of Saddam Hussein.

The other codes misplace the Athenian and Argentine cases, so only the first option matches all four.

Discuss in Forum

28.

Which among the following is not the feature of constitutionalism ?

A.Written constitution
B.Unlimited rule
C.Supremacy of constitution
D.Protection of citizen's rights

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The one that is not a feature of constitutionalism is Unlimited rule.

Constitutionalism is the idea of limited government: the powers of rulers are defined and restrained by a constitution, which is supreme over ordinary law and protects the rights of citizens. Unlimited rule is its direct opposite.

A written constitution, the supremacy of the constitution and the protection of citizens' rights are all typical features. Strictly a constitution need not be written (Britain's is not), but a written text is the usual form and is listed as a feature.

Discuss in Forum

29.

Who is associated with the sentence ?

'The will of the people is the product and not the motive power of political process.'

A.Robert Dahl
B.Joseph Schumpeter
C.Steven Lukas
D.S. M. Lipset

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The sentence is from Joseph Schumpeter.

In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942), Schumpeter rejected the 'classical doctrine' that democracy carries out the will of the people. He argued that this will is largely manufactured by competing leaders and parties, so it is the product, not the motive power, of the political process. Democracy, for him, is simply a competitive struggle for the people's vote.

Robert Dahl developed the theory of polyarchy, Steven Lukes (spelt 'Lukas' here) wrote on power, and S. M. Lipset on the social conditions of democracy.

Discuss in Forum

30.

Who put forth the concept of 'Circulation of Elite' ?

A.Robert Mitchels
B.Wilfredo Pareto
C.Gaetano Mosca
D.C. Wright Mills

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The concept of the circulation of elites was put forward by Wilfredo Pareto.

Vilfredo Pareto argued in The Mind and Society that every society is ruled by an elite, and that history is a 'graveyard of aristocracies' in which one elite (the 'lions' or the 'foxes') is replaced by another. This continuous replacement is the circulation of elites.

Gaetano Mosca wrote of the 'ruling class', Robert Michels formulated the 'iron law of oligarchy', and C. Wright Mills described the American 'power elite'. All are elite theorists, but the circulation idea is Pareto's.

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