Comparative Political Analysis Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

The incorrect statement is Myanmar is an example of democratic state.Myanmar has been ruled by the military for most of its history since 1962. A brief period of partial civilian government after 2011 ended when the army seized power again in February 2021, so it is a standard example of military rule, not of a democratic state.The other three are textbook examples: Pakistan under General Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988) was a military dictatorship, Germany under Hitler is the classic fascist (Nazi) state, and Cuba under its one-party communist regime is often cited as totalitarian.

Q: According to World system theory, what is the relationship between core and periphery ?

In world system theory the core and periphery stand as Exploiter and Exploited.Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory sees one capitalist world economy with a single division of labour. Core states specialise in high-value, capital-intensive production and draw surplus from the periphery, which supplies raw materials and cheap labour, through unequal exchange; the semi-periphery sits in between.'Imperialists and colony' describes a formal political relation, whereas the theory is about economic exploitation, which survives decolonisation. 'Rulers and ruled' and 'state and citizens' are relations within a country, not between zones of the world economy.

Q: Who wrote the book, 'Politics and Stages of Growth' ?

Politics and the Stages of Growth was written by Walt W. Rostow.Rostow published it in 1971 as a political sequel to The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960), relating his stages of economic growth to the political problems states face along the way.David Apter wrote The Politics of Modernization, Gabriel Almond is known for structural-functional analysis and The Civic Culture, and Joseph Schumpeter wrote Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. None of them wrote this book.

Q: Which among the following is not mentioned in the five stages of growth mentioned by W. Rostow ?

The item that is not one of Rostow's stages is Technological advancement.Rostow's five stages of growth are: the traditional society; the preconditions for take-off; the take-off; the drive to maturity; and the age of high mass consumption. Traditional society, take-off (printed 'take-off state') and high mass consumption are all on that list.Technology matters throughout his scheme, especially in the drive to maturity, when modern technology spreads across the economy, but 'technological advancement' is not itself one of the five named stages.

Q: Who classified political culture in three : Parochial, Subject, participatory ?

The classification was made by Gabriel Almond and Verba.In The Civic Culture (1963), a survey of five countries, Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba distinguished parochial, subject and participant political cultures, and argued that a stable democracy rests on a 'civic culture' mixing all three.S. M. Lipset linked democracy to economic development in Political Man. Robert MacIver wrote The Web of Government. Edward Tylor was an anthropologist who gave a classic definition of culture, but not this threefold political classification.

Q: Given below are the two statements, One is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R) :Assertion (A) : In recent years welfare state is gradually diminishing.Reason (R) : Due to globalization the sovereignty of states is at stake.In the context of the above two statements which one of the following is correct ?

The key's answer is that both statements are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.The Assertion is accepted: since the 1980s governments have cut back welfare provision through privatisation, targeting of benefits and fiscal discipline. The Reason is also accepted: globalization, with mobile capital, global markets and international institutions, limits what states can decide on their own.The key treats the two as separate trends. The Assertion is about the welfare function of the state, driven largely by neoliberal ideas and fiscal pressure, while the Reason is about sovereignty in general, so it does not by itself explain the decline. The options saying either statement is incorrect fail because both are accepted as true.

Q: Which among the following can be subject matter according to Institutional approach to comparative political analysis ?

The subject matter of the institutional approach is British Parliament and Indian Parliament.The institutional approach compares the formal organs of government, such as legislatures, executives, courts and bureaucracies: their structure, powers and working. A comparison of two parliaments is its clearest case.Comparing two constitutions as legal documents belongs to the closely related legal or constitutional approach. Political culture and types of leadership are the concerns of the behavioural approach, which studies attitudes and conduct rather than institutions.

Q: Which among the following is an incorrect statment ?

The incorrect statement is All democracies emerged after second world war have transited from democracy to consolidated democracy.Many democracies that emerged after 1945, and especially in the third wave from the 1970s, did not become consolidated. Some broke down into authoritarian rule and others remained hybrid or 'illiberal' democracies, so a claim about all of them is false.The other statements are accepted in the democratisation literature. Liberalisation, the loosening of authoritarian control, does not always lead to democracy. Procedural definitions require competitive elections, an inclusive adult citizenship and protection of civil and minority rights. Guillermo O'Donnell distinguished a first transition, to a democratic government, from a second transition, to a consolidated democratic regime.

Q: Which of the following statements are wrong ? Choose your answer from the codes given below :(a) Nationalism transformed Europe in the 19th Century(b) Nationalism led to the formation of new nation-states in Europe(c) Nationalism fragmented European empires(d) Nationalism was an intellectual reaction to the Enlightenment

None of the statements is wrong, so the answer is None wrong.Each is a standard claim about European nationalism. Nationalism transformed nineteenth-century Europe (a), producing new nation-states such as Italy (1861) and Germany (1871) through unification (b). It also broke up multinational empires, the Ottoman and later the Austro-Hungarian (c).Statement (d) is accepted too: Romantic nationalism, in thinkers such as Herder and Fichte, was partly a reaction against the Enlightenment's universal, rationalist outlook, stressing the unique culture and language of each nation. Since all four hold, every option listing wrong statements is incorrect.

Q: Chronologically organise the following revolutions. Choose your answer from the codes given below :(a) Russian Revolution-Bolshevik(b) French Revolution(c) Chinese Revolution(d) American Revolution

The chronological order is (d), (b), (a), (c).American Revolution: 1775-1783, independence declared in 1776.French Revolution: from 1789.Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution: October 1917.Chinese Revolution: the Communist victory and the People's Republic, 1949.The other codes put the Russian or Chinese revolution before the eighteenth-century revolutions, or the French before the American.

31.

Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

A.Pakistan under Zia-Ul-Haq is an example of military dictatorship
B.Myanmar is an example of democratic state
C.Germany under Hitler is an example of Fascist state
D.Cuba is an example of Totalitarianism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The incorrect statement is Myanmar is an example of democratic state.

Myanmar has been ruled by the military for most of its history since 1962. A brief period of partial civilian government after 2011 ended when the army seized power again in February 2021, so it is a standard example of military rule, not of a democratic state.

The other three are textbook examples: Pakistan under General Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988) was a military dictatorship, Germany under Hitler is the classic fascist (Nazi) state, and Cuba under its one-party communist regime is often cited as totalitarian.

Discuss in Forum

32.

According to World system theory, what is the relationship between core and periphery ?

A.Exploiter and Exploited
B.Rulers and Ruled
C.State and Citizens
D.Imperialists and colony

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

In world system theory the core and periphery stand as Exploiter and Exploited.

Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory sees one capitalist world economy with a single division of labour. Core states specialise in high-value, capital-intensive production and draw surplus from the periphery, which supplies raw materials and cheap labour, through unequal exchange; the semi-periphery sits in between.

'Imperialists and colony' describes a formal political relation, whereas the theory is about economic exploitation, which survives decolonisation. 'Rulers and ruled' and 'state and citizens' are relations within a country, not between zones of the world economy.

Discuss in Forum

33.

Who wrote the book, 'Politics and Stages of Growth' ?

A.Walt W. Rostow
B.David Apter
C.Gabriel Almond
D.Joseph Schumpeter

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

Politics and the Stages of Growth was written by Walt W. Rostow.

Rostow published it in 1971 as a political sequel to The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960), relating his stages of economic growth to the political problems states face along the way.

David Apter wrote The Politics of Modernization, Gabriel Almond is known for structural-functional analysis and The Civic Culture, and Joseph Schumpeter wrote Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. None of them wrote this book.

Discuss in Forum

34.

Which among the following is not mentioned in the five stages of growth mentioned by W. Rostow ?

A.Traditional Society
B.Take-off state
C.High mass consumption
D.Technological advancement

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The item that is not one of Rostow's stages is Technological advancement.

Rostow's five stages of growth are: the traditional society; the preconditions for take-off; the take-off; the drive to maturity; and the age of high mass consumption. Traditional society, take-off (printed 'take-off state') and high mass consumption are all on that list.

Technology matters throughout his scheme, especially in the drive to maturity, when modern technology spreads across the economy, but 'technological advancement' is not itself one of the five named stages.

Discuss in Forum

35.

Who classified political culture in three : Parochial, Subject, participatory ?

A.S. M. Lipset
B.Gabriel Almond and Verba
C.Robert McIver
D.Edward Tylor

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The classification was made by Gabriel Almond and Verba.

In The Civic Culture (1963), a survey of five countries, Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba distinguished parochial, subject and participant political cultures, and argued that a stable democracy rests on a 'civic culture' mixing all three.

S. M. Lipset linked democracy to economic development in Political Man. Robert MacIver wrote The Web of Government. Edward Tylor was an anthropologist who gave a classic definition of culture, but not this threefold political classification.

Discuss in Forum

36.

Given below are the two statements, One is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : In recent years welfare state is gradually diminishing.
Reason (R) : Due to globalization the sovereignty of states is at stake.

In the context of the above two statements which one of the following is correct ?

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect
C.Both (A) and (R) are incorrect
D.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The key's answer is that both statements are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

The Assertion is accepted: since the 1980s governments have cut back welfare provision through privatisation, targeting of benefits and fiscal discipline. The Reason is also accepted: globalization, with mobile capital, global markets and international institutions, limits what states can decide on their own.

The key treats the two as separate trends. The Assertion is about the welfare function of the state, driven largely by neoliberal ideas and fiscal pressure, while the Reason is about sovereignty in general, so it does not by itself explain the decline. The options saying either statement is incorrect fail because both are accepted as true.

Discuss in Forum

37.

Which among the following can be subject matter according to Institutional approach to comparative political analysis ?

A.British Parliament and Indian Parliament
B.Indian and Swiss Constitution
C.American and Canadian Political culture
D.Democratic and Totalitarian leadership

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The subject matter of the institutional approach is British Parliament and Indian Parliament.

The institutional approach compares the formal organs of government, such as legislatures, executives, courts and bureaucracies: their structure, powers and working. A comparison of two parliaments is its clearest case.

Comparing two constitutions as legal documents belongs to the closely related legal or constitutional approach. Political culture and types of leadership are the concerns of the behavioural approach, which studies attitudes and conduct rather than institutions.

Discuss in Forum

38.

Which among the following is an incorrect statment ?

A.Liberalization does not always lead to democratic transition
B.Democracies must meet three basic procedural criteria : competitive elections, adult citizenship and minority rights
C.According to O'Donnell there are two transitions : a transition to democracy and transition to a consolidated democracy
D.All democracies emerged after second world war have transited from democracy to consolidated democracy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

The incorrect statement is All democracies emerged after second world war have transited from democracy to consolidated democracy.

Many democracies that emerged after 1945, and especially in the third wave from the 1970s, did not become consolidated. Some broke down into authoritarian rule and others remained hybrid or 'illiberal' democracies, so a claim about all of them is false.

The other statements are accepted in the democratisation literature. Liberalisation, the loosening of authoritarian control, does not always lead to democracy. Procedural definitions require competitive elections, an inclusive adult citizenship and protection of civil and minority rights. Guillermo O'Donnell distinguished a first transition, to a democratic government, from a second transition, to a consolidated democratic regime.

Discuss in Forum

39.

Which of the following statements are wrong ? Choose your answer from the codes given below :

(a) Nationalism transformed Europe in the 19th Century
(b) Nationalism led to the formation of new nation-states in Europe
(c) Nationalism fragmented European empires
(d) Nationalism was an intellectual reaction to the Enlightenment

A.(a), (b)
B.(b), (c), (d)
C.(a), (b), (c), (d)
D.None wrong

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

None of the statements is wrong, so the answer is None wrong.

Each is a standard claim about European nationalism. Nationalism transformed nineteenth-century Europe (a), producing new nation-states such as Italy (1861) and Germany (1871) through unification (b). It also broke up multinational empires, the Ottoman and later the Austro-Hungarian (c).

Statement (d) is accepted too: Romantic nationalism, in thinkers such as Herder and Fichte, was partly a reaction against the Enlightenment's universal, rationalist outlook, stressing the unique culture and language of each nation. Since all four hold, every option listing wrong statements is incorrect.

Discuss in Forum

40.

Chronologically organise the following revolutions. Choose your answer from the codes given below :

(a) Russian Revolution-Bolshevik
(b) French Revolution
(c) Chinese Revolution
(d) American Revolution

A.(d), (a), (c), (b)
B.(d), (b), (a), (c)
C.(a), (d), (b), (c)
D.(c), (b), (d), (a)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

The chronological order is (d), (b), (a), (c).

American Revolution: 1775-1783, independence declared in 1776.
French Revolution: from 1789.
Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution: October 1917.
Chinese Revolution: the Communist victory and the People's Republic, 1949.

The other codes put the Russian or Chinese revolution before the eighteenth-century revolutions, or the French before the American.

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