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Educational Studies Questions and Answers

181.

Which teaching method was evolved by Naturalism ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The play-way method was evolved by Naturalism, the second option. Naturalists such as Rousseau and Froebel held that the child learns through spontaneous activity and play.

The heuristic method is associated with H. E. Armstrong, the scientific method with science teaching, and the project method with the pragmatist Kilpatrick. They are not the method evolved by naturalism. Naturalism puts the child at the centre and wants teaching to follow the natural interests and play of the young learner.

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182.

Choose the correct or the best answer among the following : 'Philosophy' means

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Philosophy means an attempt to find answers to fundamental and ultimate questions about reality, knowledge and values. This is the third option.

Consoling oneself in disappointment, religion and sophisticated arguments are popular ideas of philosophy. Philosophy is a reasoned enquiry, not comfort, not a religion and not just argument. The word comes from the Greek philosophia, love of wisdom, which is why the definition stresses the search for ultimate answers.

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183.

The most ascetic School of Indian Philosophy is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The most ascetic school of Indian philosophy is Jainism, the second option. It demands severe self-discipline, fasting and control of the body to remove karmic matter from the soul.

Buddhism takes a middle path between indulgence and severe self-denial, and Vedanta and Sankhya stress knowledge. They are not as austere as Jainism. Jain monks follow strict vows, including complete non-possession, and some orders give up clothing, which marks it as the most austere of the schools listed.

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184.

The number of Savants [Thirthankaras] in the Jain tradition is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The Jain tradition has 24 Tirthankaras, from Rishabhanatha to Mahavira, so the number is 24. This is the third option.

Ten, a hundred and an infinite number are not the traditional count. Jain teaching speaks of cycles of time, but the Tirthankaras of each cycle number twenty-four. Mahavira, the last of the twenty-four, is the Tirthankara historically best known, and Parshvanatha comes before him in the line.

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185.

'Vinaya Pitaka' deals with

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The Vinaya Pitaka deals with the rules of conduct for the Buddhist Sangha, the order of monks and nuns. This is the first option.

It is not about the polite behaviour of Jain monks or Hindu sannyasins, and Ashoka's edicts are inscriptions and are not part of the Tripitaka. The Vinaya is one of the three baskets, with the Sutta and Abhidhamma. The Vinaya contains the rules for admission to the order and for daily life in the monastery, which matches the first option alone.

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186.

The critical difference between naturalism and pragmatism is in the importance accorded to

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The key names aims as the critical difference between naturalism and pragmatism. Naturalism sets fixed aims drawn from the child's nature, while pragmatism holds that aims are not fixed in advance and grow from experience and the situation.

Both favour activity and learning by doing, so their methods overlap. The importance given to aims is therefore the sharper difference. For example, a naturalist ties the aim to a child's natural growth, while a pragmatist asks what the aim is for the situation at hand.

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187.

What are the checks and balances available in society for regulating social behaviour of people ?

I. Mores, Folkways and Institutions
II. Enacted Laws and Punishments
III. Meditation and Prayer
IV. Reading religious books
Choose the correct answers from the codes given below :
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The checks and balances in society for regulating behaviour are mores, folkways and institutions (I) and enacted laws and punishments (II). This is the code I and II, the first option.

Meditation and prayer and reading religious books are personal practices and are not social checks that apply to everyone. The other options include at least one of them. Mores and folkways are the unwritten rules of a community, and institutions such as the family and the school pass them on, while laws add the force of punishment.

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188.

What is meant by 'Culture' ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Culture is the complex whole of what man has achieved as a member of society, including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law and customs. This is the first option.

Sophistication in dress and food, modern appliances, and use of computers and the internet are only outward features or products of a civilization and are not the meaning of culture. The definition of culture as a complex whole is the classical one given by the anthropologist E. B. Tylor.

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189.

The sources of knowledge (Pramanas) in Advaita Vedanta are

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Advaita Vedanta accepts six sources of knowledge, or pramanas. They are perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), verbal testimony (shabda), postulation (arthapatti) and non-apprehension (anupalabdhi). The counts two (A), three (B) and four (C) belong to other systems of Indian thought, for example the Vaisheshika and Buddhist schools accept two, the Samkhya three and the Nyaya four, so six is the Advaita count.

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190.

The value commended by existentialism is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The value commended by existentialism is authenticity. Existentialists such as Sartre and Kierkegaard hold that the individual must choose freely and take responsibility for these choices instead of conforming to roles imposed by others, and living in this way is being authentic. Liberation (A) is the aim of schools like Buddhism and Vedanta, self-realisation (B) is the idealist aim, and harmony with nature (C) is the naturalist aim.

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