Hepatitis E is particularly dangerous in
Answer: D
Mortality in pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, is far higher than in the general population, reaching a substantial percentage in some outbreaks. The reason is not fully understood but the association is consistent.
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Hepatitis E resembles hepatitis A in that both are
Answer: A
Both spread by the faecal-oral route and produce an acute illness that resolves in the immunocompetent, without the carrier state that characterises B and C. Chronic hepatitis E does occur, but essentially only in the profoundly immunosuppressed.
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Which two hepatitis viruses are transmitted by the faecal-oral route?
Answer: B
Correct answer: A and E
Both are spread through contaminated food and water and neither becomes chronic. The other three - B, C and D - are blood-borne and can persist. That division into two enterically transmitted and three parenterally transmitted viruses is the most useful single fact in the subject.
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Which hepatitis viruses are transmitted mainly through blood?
Answer: C
All three are enveloped viruses spread by percutaneous and other blood exposure, and all three can establish chronic infection. That combination of parenteral spread and chronicity is what makes them the causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
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Which hepatitis virus has a DNA genome?
Answer: D
Hepatitis B alone among the hepatitis viruses carries DNA, and it is partially double-stranded and circular. The others all have single-stranded RNA genomes, which is one reason hepatitis B is treated with different drugs.
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Jaundice in viral hepatitis results from
Answer: A
Correct answer: accumulation of bilirubin the damaged liver cannot clear
The liver conjugates bilirubin from broken-down haemoglobin and excretes it in bile. When hepatocytes are inflamed and damaged, that clearance fails, bilirubin accumulates in the blood and stains the skin and sclerae. The virus destroys no red cells and blocks no duct.
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Raised serum alanine aminotransferase in hepatitis indicates
Answer: B
The enzyme is concentrated inside hepatocytes and leaks into the blood when they are damaged, so the level tracks the degree of ongoing injury. It measures damage rather than function, which is why it can be normal in advanced cirrhosis.
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Fulminant hepatitis is characterised by
Answer: C
Extensive hepatocyte death within days to weeks produces encephalopathy and coagulopathy, and mortality is high without transplantation. It is uncommon in every form of viral hepatitis but can follow any of them, and hepatitis E in pregnancy is a recognised setting.
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Screening of donated blood has greatly reduced transfusion-transmitted
Answer: D
Correct answer: hepatitis B and hepatitis C
Both are blood-borne, so both were transmitted by transfusion before donations could be screened for them. Screening has made transfusion-transmitted hepatitis rare in countries that do it. Hepatitis A and E are enteric and were never a significant transfusion risk.
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A carrier of hepatitis B is a person who
Answer: A
Chronic carriage means the virus persists, and many carriers feel entirely well while remaining infectious to others and at risk of liver disease themselves. Identifying them matters both for their own monitoring and for preventing transmission.
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