Statements:
I. Some books are texts.
II. Some texts are copies.
Conclusions:
I. Some books are copies.
II. All copies are text.
Answer: D
Correct answer: If neither conclusion I nor II follows
Both statements are particular, and the texts that are books need not be the texts that are copies, so nothing links books to copies. Conclusion II makes a universal out of a particular. Neither follows.
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Statements:
I. Some leaves are vacations.
II. No vacation is holiday.
Conclusions:
I. Some vacations are leaves.
II. No leave is holiday.
Answer: A
Correct answer: If only conclusion I follows
Some leaves are vacations gives its converse, some vacations are leaves - conclusion I. Conclusion II excludes every leave from holidays, whereas only the vacations are excluded, and some leaves may be neither. Only I follows.
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Statements:
I. No English is an Odia.
II. Some Odia are Hindi.
Conclusions:
I. No English is a Hindi.
II. Some Hindi are not English.
Answer: B
Correct answer: If only conclusion II follows
The Odia who are Hindi are, by the first statement, not English - so some Hindi are not English, conclusion II. Conclusion I goes further and excludes all Hindi from English, which the statements do not warrant. Only II follows.
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Statements:
I. No rose is a lily.
II. Some lilies are lotuses.
Conclusions:
I. No rose is a lotus.
II. Some lotuses are not roses
Answer: B
Correct answer: If only conclusion II follows
The lilies that are lotuses are, by the first statement, not roses - so some lotuses are not roses, conclusion II. Conclusion I excludes all lotuses from roses, which does not follow. Only II follows.
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Statements:
I. Some peace are wars.
II. No war is an alliance.
Conclusions:
I. No peace is alliance.
II. At least some peace are alliances.
Answer: C
Correct answer: If either conclusion I or II follows
Neither conclusion is established: the peace that are wars are certainly not alliances, but the rest of peace is left open, so we can say neither that no peace is an alliance nor that some are. The two between them, however, cover both possibilities, so either I or II must hold.
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Statements:
I. Some rulers are dancers.
II. All dancers are short.
Conclusions:
I. Some rulers are short.
II. All rulers are short.
Answer: A
Correct answer: If only conclusion I follows
Some rulers are dancers and all dancers are short, so those rulers are short - some rulers are short, conclusion I. Conclusion II makes it all rulers, which a particular statement cannot support. Only I follows.
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Statements:
I. No window is a glass.
II. Some glasses are doors.
Conclusions:
I. No window is a door.
II. Some doors are not windows.
Answer: B
Correct answer: If only conclusion II follows.
The glasses that are doors are, by the first statement, not windows - so some doors are not windows, conclusion II. Conclusion I excludes all doors from windows, which does not follow. Only II follows.
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