Climate Change and Global Warming Questions and Answers

Q: The IPCC SRES emission scenario for Jharkhand indicates that

The projection is that warming will be relatively greater in winter and post monsoon season.Climate model runs under the IPCC SRES emission scenarios, applied to Jharkhand and eastern India, project a rise in temperature in every season, but a larger rise in the cooler months, winter and the post-monsoon period, than in the summer and monsoon months. This matches the observed trend across India, where warming has been most marked in winter and post-monsoon.The options naming summer, or summer with winter, reverse that seasonal pattern, and winter alone leaves out the post-monsoon season.

Q: Which of the following International agreements first imposed legally binding emission reduction tangents on developed countries?

The first legally binding emission targets came from the Kyoto Protocol.The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and in force from 2005, set legally binding targets for developed (Annex I) countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions, by an average of about 5 per cent below 1990 levels in 2008-2012.The Paris Agreement (2015) relies on nationally determined contributions that are not binding targets, the Montreal Protocol (1987) deals with ozone-depleting substances, and the Glasgow Climate Pact (2021) added commitments without binding targets.

Q: India's which report was submitted to United Nation's Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was submitted on 30th December 2024?

The report was the 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4).India submitted its Fourth Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC on 30 December 2024. It presented the national greenhouse gas inventory for 2020 and reported a fall of about 7.9 per cent in emissions compared with 2019.The third National Communication was a different report, the greenhouse gas inventory formed part of BUR-4 rather than a separate submission, and the Emissions Gap Report is published by UNEP, not by India.

Q: With reference to the cause of ozone layer depletion which of the following statement is incorrect ?

The incorrect statement is the one claiming stratospheric aerosols are the only matter that protects against ozone depletion.Stratospheric aerosols, such as the sulphate droplets injected by large volcanic eruptions, do not protect the ozone layer. Their surfaces host chemical reactions that convert stable chlorine compounds into active forms, so they increase ozone destruction. The same chemistry on polar stratospheric clouds drives the Antarctic ozone hole.The other statements are broadly correct: natural substances such as hydrogen oxides, methane and nitrogen oxides take part in ozone-destroying reactions; volcanic eruptions can add chlorine to the stratosphere; and any process that releases chlorine atoms there is serious, because one chlorine atom can destroy many thousands of ozone molecules in a catalytic cycle.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to Kerala's increasing drought frequency?

The factor that does not fit is Industrialization.Kerala receives heavy monsoon rain, yet droughts have become more frequent because the land holds less of it. The causes usually identified are land-use change, such as the conversion of paddy fields and wetlands and the loss of forest cover, which reduces groundwater recharge; climate change, which makes rainfall more erratic; and the degradation of hydrological systems such as rivers, ponds and aquifers.Kerala is not a heavily industrialised state, and industrial growth is not among the drivers of its drought frequency, so it is the odd one out. The other three options are the recognised causes.

Q: The alternatives for ozone-depleting substances have caused for(i) Production of ozone in the atmosphere(ii) Increase in Greenhouse effect(iii) Increase in the production of compounds with high global warming potentialWhich of the statement(s) given above is correct?

Statements (ii) and (iii) are correct, so the answer is Only (ii) and (iii).The main substitutes for ozone-depleting CFCs and HCFCs are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). They contain no chlorine and so do not destroy ozone, but many of them are powerful greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential, hundreds to thousands of times that of carbon dioxide. Their growing use therefore adds to the greenhouse effect, which is why the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol set a phase-down of HFCs.Statement (i) is wrong: the substitutes simply stop destroying ozone; they do not produce it. Every option containing (i) is therefore wrong.

Q: Which are the major objectives of Kyoto protocol?(i) to achieve stabilisation in Greenhouse gas concentration(ii) to control persistent organic pollutants(iii) to reduce ozone depletion(iv) to ensure that food production is not threatened

The major objectives are (i) and (iv), so the answer is Only (i) and (iv).The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 operationalised the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, whose ultimate objective is to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous interference with the climate, within a time-frame that lets ecosystems adapt naturally, ensures that food production is not threatened and allows sustainable economic development.The other two belong to other treaties. Persistent organic pollutants are controlled by the Stockholm Convention (2001), and ozone depletion by the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (1987). Options containing (ii) or (iii) are therefore wrong.

Q: Which statement(s) on Carbon offset is correct?(i) Carbon offsets are credits for reductions in green house emissions(ii) Carbon offsets are tradable unused quota of GHG emissions permitted to the countries(iii) Carbon offsets are quantified and sold in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent(iv) Carbon offsets are total emissions of GHGs over a period of time by an individual

Statements (i) and (iii) are correct, so the answer is Only (i) and (iii).A carbon offset is a credit for a reduction in, or removal of, greenhouse gas emissions achieved by a project such as renewable energy or afforestation, which a buyer uses to compensate for its own emissions (i). Offsets are measured and sold in metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, one credit usually standing for one tonne (iii).Statement (ii) describes something else: the unused emission allowances that countries with targets could trade under the Kyoto Protocol's emissions trading. Statement (iv) defines a carbon footprint, the total emissions caused by an individual or organisation over a period. Options containing (ii) or (iv) are therefore wrong.

Q: India's rank in Climate Risk Index 2020 is _____________ .

India ranked 5th in the Global Climate Risk Index 2020.The index, published by the German organisation Germanwatch in December 2019, ranks countries by how badly they were hit by weather-related disasters in the preceding year, 2018. India came fifth, owing to heavy monsoon floods, especially in Kerala, and cyclones Titli and Gaja.14th was India's rank in the previous year's index, and 9th and 11th are not its 2020 position.

Q: Consider the following statements based on a UN report published on May 7, 2019 :A. Climate change and rising sea levels eventually may wipe out one of the world's last and largest tiger strongholds.B. The Sundarbans, 10,000 square kilometres of marshy land in Bangladesh and India, hosts the world's largest mangrove forest and a rich ecosystem supporting several hundred animal species, including the Bengal tiger.C. The cats are among 5,00,000 land species where survival is in question because of threats to their natural habitats.Which of the above statements is/are correct ?Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

All three statements are correct, so the answer is All of the above.The statements come from coverage of the UN-backed IPBES global assessment on biodiversity released in May 2019. It warned that climate change and rising seas could eventually wipe out the Sundarbans, one of the world's last and largest tiger strongholds (A), described the Sundarbans as about 10,000 square kilometres of marshland in India and Bangladesh with the world's largest mangrove forest and the Bengal tiger (B), and placed tigers among roughly 500,000 land species whose survival is in question because of habitat loss (C).Each partial option leaves out a statement that the report supports.

11.

The IPCC SRES emission scenario for Jharkhand indicates that

A.Warming will be relatively greater in winter.
B.Warming will be relatively greater in summer.
C.Warming will be relatively greater in summer and winter.
D.Warming will be relatively greater in winter and post monsoon season.

Exam Year(s)

JPSC Civil Services - 2021,

Answer: D

The projection is that warming will be relatively greater in winter and post monsoon season.

Climate model runs under the IPCC SRES emission scenarios, applied to Jharkhand and eastern India, project a rise in temperature in every season, but a larger rise in the cooler months, winter and the post-monsoon period, than in the summer and monsoon months. This matches the observed trend across India, where warming has been most marked in winter and post-monsoon.

The options naming summer, or summer with winter, reverse that seasonal pattern, and winter alone leaves out the post-monsoon season.

Discuss in Forum

12.

Which of the following International agreements first imposed legally binding emission reduction tangents on developed countries?

A.Paris Agreement
B.Kyoto protocol
C.Montreal Protocol
D.Glasgow climate pact

Exam Year(s)

JPSC Civil Services - 2026,

Answer: B

The first legally binding emission targets came from the Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and in force from 2005, set legally binding targets for developed (Annex I) countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions, by an average of about 5 per cent below 1990 levels in 2008-2012.

The Paris Agreement (2015) relies on nationally determined contributions that are not binding targets, the Montreal Protocol (1987) deals with ozone-depleting substances, and the Glasgow Climate Pact (2021) added commitments without binding targets.

Discuss in Forum

13.

India's which report was submitted to United Nation's Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was submitted on 30^th December 2024?

A.National Green House Gas (GHG)
B.4\(^{th}\) Biennial Update report (BUR-4)
C.3\(^{rd}\) National Communication (TNC-3)
D.5\(^{th}\) Emission Gap Report (EGR-5)

Exam Year(s)

JPSC Civil Services - 2026,

Answer: B

The report was the 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4).

India submitted its Fourth Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC on 30 December 2024. It presented the national greenhouse gas inventory for 2020 and reported a fall of about 7.9 per cent in emissions compared with 2019.

The third National Communication was a different report, the greenhouse gas inventory formed part of BUR-4 rather than a separate submission, and the Emissions Gap Report is published by UNEP, not by India.

Discuss in Forum

14.

With reference to the cause of ozone layer depletion which of the following statement is incorrect ?

A.A number of naturally occurring substances like Hydrogen Oxide (HOx), Methane (CH\(_{4}\)), Hydrogen Gas (H\(_{2}\)), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) causes ozone layer depletion.
B.Chlorine Monoxide (ClO); during volcanic eruptions, significant amount of chlorine may be released in the stratosphere which causes ozone layer depletion.
C.Tiny particulate matter in the stratosphere, known as stratospheric aerosols, the only matter protect ozone layer depletion.
D.Any event, which release chlorine atoms into the atmospheric, can cause severe ozone destruction, because chlorine atoms in the stratosphere can destroy ozone very efficiently.

Exam Year(s)

Kerala PSC KAS - 2020,

Answer: C

The incorrect statement is the one claiming stratospheric aerosols are the only matter that protects against ozone depletion.

Stratospheric aerosols, such as the sulphate droplets injected by large volcanic eruptions, do not protect the ozone layer. Their surfaces host chemical reactions that convert stable chlorine compounds into active forms, so they increase ozone destruction. The same chemistry on polar stratospheric clouds drives the Antarctic ozone hole.

The other statements are broadly correct: natural substances such as hydrogen oxides, methane and nitrogen oxides take part in ozone-destroying reactions; volcanic eruptions can add chlorine to the stratosphere; and any process that releases chlorine atoms there is serious, because one chlorine atom can destroy many thousands of ozone molecules in a catalytic cycle.

Discuss in Forum

15.

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to Kerala's increasing drought frequency?

A.Land-use changes
B.Industrialization
C.Climate change
D.Hydrological system degradation

Exam Year(s)

Kerala PSC KAS - 2025,

Answer: B

The factor that does not fit is Industrialization.

Kerala receives heavy monsoon rain, yet droughts have become more frequent because the land holds less of it. The causes usually identified are land-use change, such as the conversion of paddy fields and wetlands and the loss of forest cover, which reduces groundwater recharge; climate change, which makes rainfall more erratic; and the degradation of hydrological systems such as rivers, ponds and aquifers.

Kerala is not a heavily industrialised state, and industrial growth is not among the drivers of its drought frequency, so it is the odd one out. The other three options are the recognised causes.

Discuss in Forum

16.

The alternatives for ozone-depleting substances have caused for

(i) Production of ozone in the atmosphere
(ii) Increase in Greenhouse effect
(iii) Increase in the production of compounds with high global warming potential

Which of the statement(s) given above is correct?

A.Only (ii) and (iii)
B.Only (iii)
C.Only (i) and (ii)
D.All the above ((i), (ii) and (iii))

Exam Year(s)

Kerala PSC KAS - 2025,

Answer: A

Statements (ii) and (iii) are correct, so the answer is Only (ii) and (iii).

The main substitutes for ozone-depleting CFCs and HCFCs are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). They contain no chlorine and so do not destroy ozone, but many of them are powerful greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential, hundreds to thousands of times that of carbon dioxide. Their growing use therefore adds to the greenhouse effect, which is why the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol set a phase-down of HFCs.

Statement (i) is wrong: the substitutes simply stop destroying ozone; they do not produce it. Every option containing (i) is therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

17.

Which are the major objectives of Kyoto protocol?

(i) to achieve stabilisation in Greenhouse gas concentration
(ii) to control persistent organic pollutants
(iii) to reduce ozone depletion
(iv) to ensure that food production is not threatened

A.Only (iii) and (iv)
B.Only (i) and (iv)
C.Only (i) and (ii)
D.Only (ii) and (iv)

Exam Year(s)

Kerala PSC KAS - 2025,

Answer: B

The major objectives are (i) and (iv), so the answer is Only (i) and (iv).

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 operationalised the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, whose ultimate objective is to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous interference with the climate, within a time-frame that lets ecosystems adapt naturally, ensures that food production is not threatened and allows sustainable economic development.

The other two belong to other treaties. Persistent organic pollutants are controlled by the Stockholm Convention (2001), and ozone depletion by the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol (1987). Options containing (ii) or (iii) are therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

18.

Which statement(s) on Carbon offset is correct?

(i) Carbon offsets are credits for reductions in green house emissions
(ii) Carbon offsets are tradable unused quota of GHG emissions permitted to the countries
(iii) Carbon offsets are quantified and sold in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
(iv) Carbon offsets are total emissions of GHGs over a period of time by an individual

A.Only (i) and (iii)
B.Only (ii) and (iv)
C.Only (i) and (ii)
D.Only (ii) and (iii)

Exam Year(s)

Kerala PSC KAS - 2025,

Answer: A

Statements (i) and (iii) are correct, so the answer is Only (i) and (iii).

A carbon offset is a credit for a reduction in, or removal of, greenhouse gas emissions achieved by a project such as renewable energy or afforestation, which a buyer uses to compensate for its own emissions (i). Offsets are measured and sold in metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, one credit usually standing for one tonne (iii).

Statement (ii) describes something else: the unused emission allowances that countries with targets could trade under the Kyoto Protocol's emissions trading. Statement (iv) defines a carbon footprint, the total emissions caused by an individual or organisation over a period. Options containing (ii) or (iv) are therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

19.

India's rank in Climate Risk Index 2020 is _____________ .

A.14th
B.11th
C.9th
D.5th

Exam Year(s)

KPSC KAS - 2020,

Answer: D

India ranked 5th in the Global Climate Risk Index 2020.

The index, published by the German organisation Germanwatch in December 2019, ranks countries by how badly they were hit by weather-related disasters in the preceding year, 2018. India came fifth, owing to heavy monsoon floods, especially in Kerala, and cyclones Titli and Gaja.

14th was India's rank in the previous year's index, and 9th and 11th are not its 2020 position.

Discuss in Forum

20.

Consider the following statements based on a UN report published on May 7, 2019 :

A. Climate change and rising sea levels eventually may wipe out one of the world's last and largest tiger strongholds.
B. The Sundarbans, 10,000 square kilometres of marshy land in Bangladesh and India, hosts the world's largest mangrove forest and a rich ecosystem supporting several hundred animal species, including the Bengal tiger.
C. The cats are among 5,00,000 land species where survival is in question because of threats to their natural habitats.

Which of the above statements is/are correct ?

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

A.A only
B.A and B only
C.A and C only
D.All of the above

Exam Year(s)

KPSC KAS - 2020,

Answer: D

All three statements are correct, so the answer is All of the above.

The statements come from coverage of the UN-backed IPBES global assessment on biodiversity released in May 2019. It warned that climate change and rising seas could eventually wipe out the Sundarbans, one of the world's last and largest tiger strongholds (A), described the Sundarbans as about 10,000 square kilometres of marshland in India and Bangladesh with the world's largest mangrove forest and the Bengal tiger (B), and placed tigers among roughly 500,000 land species whose survival is in question because of habitat loss (C).

Each partial option leaves out a statement that the report supports.

Discuss in Forum

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