Match the following with appropriate choices :a. Coniferous forestsi. Eastern margin of the continentsb. Mediterranean vegetationii. Hardwood treesc. Tropical evergreen forestsiii. Softwood evergreen treesd. Temperate evergreen forestsiv. West and south-west margin of the continents

The correct matching is a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i.Coniferous forests are softwood evergreen trees such as pine, fir and spruce, whose soft wood is used for pulp and paper.Mediterranean vegetation grows on the west and south-west margins of the continents, around the Mediterranean Sea and in places such as California and south-west Australia.Tropical evergreen forests are made up of hardwood trees such as rosewood, ebony and mahogany.Temperate evergreen forests grow on the eastern margins of the continents in the mid-latitudes, for example in south-east USA and south China.Only option B has all four pairs. The options pairing coniferous forests with eastern margins, or tropical evergreen forests with softwood, reverse these facts.

Environmental Geography Questions and Answers

Q: Consider the following statements about grasslands and choose the correct option.(A) Climate plays an important role in the formation of grasslands.(B) Annual rainfall is moderate in Prairies while velds could face drought in winter months.(C) The vegetation cover is sparse in Velds.(D) Velds lie in the Northern Hemisphere while Prairies in the Southern Hemisphere.

Statements A, B and C are correct, so the answer is Only (A), (B) and (C) are correct.Grasslands form where the rainfall is too low to support forests, so climate is the main factor in their formation (A). The Prairies of North America receive moderate annual rainfall, while the Velds of South Africa have dry winters and can face drought (B). The vegetation cover of the Velds is sparse, with grasses and scattered shrubs and trees (C).Statement D reverses the hemispheres. The Prairies lie in North America, in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Velds lie in South Africa, in the Southern Hemisphere. Every option that includes D is therefore wrong.

Q: Which of the following is true about common property resources ?(A) These are owned by government.(B) These are owned by private companies.(C) These are owned by communities.

Statements A and C are true, so the answer is Only (A) and (C).Common property resources are resources such as village grazing grounds, ponds, burial grounds and community forests that are open to use by all members of a community rather than by one owner. They are owned either by a community, such as a village, or by the government, which holds the land while the local people use it in common.Statement B is false: a resource owned by a private company is private property, the opposite of a common property resource, because the owner can exclude others from it. Every option containing B is therefore wrong.

Q: Campos in Brazil and Llanos in Venezuela are examples of

The Campos and Llanos are tropical grasslands.Tropical grasslands, also called savannas, grow on either side of the equator between the equatorial forests and the deserts, in areas with a long dry season and a short rainy season. Their regional names include the Campos of the Brazilian highlands, the Llanos of the Orinoco basin in Venezuela and Colombia, and the savanna of East Africa.Temperate grasslands have different names: prairies in North America, pampas in Argentina, steppes in Asia, veld in South Africa and downs in Australia. Tundra vegetation (mosses and lichens) is found in polar regions, and Mediterranean vegetation along the Mediterranean coasts.

Q: Consider the following pairs and identify how many of the given pairs are correctly matched :Type of forestTree foundA. Tropial Rain ForestMahoganyB. Tropical Deciduous ForestRosewoodC. Thorny BushesDeodarD. Mangrove ForestsSundariChoose the correct option :

Two pairs are correct, so the answer is Only two.Mahogany is a tree of the tropical rain forest (tropical evergreen forest), along with ebony and rosewood, so A is correct. Sundari is the mangrove tree that gives the Sundarbans their name, so D is correct.B is wrong: rosewood belongs to the tropical evergreen forest; the trees of the tropical deciduous forest are sal, teak, neem and shisham. C is wrong too: deodar is a coniferous tree of the Himalayan forests, while thorny bushes have plants such as cactus, khair and babool. With A and D correct and B and C wrong, the count is two.

Q: Ecosystem is formed by :

An ecosystem is formed by the interrelationship between organisms and their surroundings.An ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with their physical surroundings, such as air, water and land. A forest, a pond or a grassland is an example. What makes it an ecosystem is the web of relationships, not just the list of its parts.'All plants, animals and human beings' names only the living part and leaves out the physical environment. 'Lithosphere and biosphere' and 'atmosphere and hydrosphere' each name only two domains of the earth, and none of the three mentions the interaction that defines an ecosystem.

Q: Many species of plants and animals have become vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction. Choose the reasons from the following :A. AfforestationB. LandslidesC. Constructional activitiesD. Poaching of animals

The reasons are B, C and D, so the answer is B, C and D.Habitat loss and hunting are the main threats to wildlife. Landslides destroy forests and habitats (B), and constructional activities such as roads, dams and buildings clear and break up habitats (C). Poaching kills animals directly for their skins, horns, tusks and other parts (D). Along with deforestation, soil erosion and forest fires, these human and natural factors speed up the extinction of species.Afforestation (A) means planting trees on land where there was no forest. It adds habitat and helps conserve species, so it is not a reason they become endangered, and every option containing A is wrong.

Q: Water scarcity is caused by the following given factors :(a) Water Harvesting(b) Variation in Rainfall(c) Contamination of water(d) Over exploitation

The causes are (b), (c), (d): variation in rainfall, contamination of water and over exploitation.Water becomes scarce when rainfall fails or is unevenly spread, when available water is polluted and unfit for use, and when groundwater and surface water are drawn faster than they are recharged.Water harvesting is not a cause of scarcity. It is a remedy: collecting and storing rainwater, as in rooftop harvesting or check dams, increases the water available. Every option that includes (a) is therefore wrong.

Q: Biotic and Abiotic conditions existing on the earth form : (Choose the appropriate category) :

Biotic and abiotic conditions together form the natural environment.The natural environment is made up of the land, water, air and living things that exist in nature: the biotic (living) world of plants and animals and the abiotic (non-living) world of land, water and air.The human environment and the human-made environment are what people create through their interaction with nature, such as settlements, roads and industries. Environment management is an activity, not a category of environment.

Q: Consider the two statements and choose the correct option :Statement (A) : Sahara once used to be a lush green plain.Statement (B) : Cave painting in sahara depicts rivers, crocodiles, elephants, lions, cattle and goats.

Both (A) and (B) are true.The NCERT chapter on the Sahara desert says that the Sahara was once a lush green plain. Cave paintings in the Sahara show that there were rivers with crocodiles, and that elephants, lions, giraffes, ostriches, sheep, cattle and goats were common animals there.The paintings are in fact the evidence for statement A: animals that need water and grassland could only have lived there when the climate was wetter. So neither statement is false, which rules out the three options that call one or both of them false.

11.

Consider the following statements about grasslands and choose the correct option.

(A) Climate plays an important role in the formation of grasslands.
(B) Annual rainfall is moderate in Prairies while velds could face drought in winter months.
(C) The vegetation cover is sparse in Velds.
(D) Velds lie in the Northern Hemisphere while Prairies in the Southern Hemisphere.

A.All (A), (B), (C) and (D) are correct.
B.Only (A), (B) and (C) are correct.
C.Only (B), (C) and (D) are correct.
D.Only (A), (C) and (D) are correct.

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2024,

Answer: B

Statements A, B and C are correct, so the answer is Only (A), (B) and (C) are correct.

Grasslands form where the rainfall is too low to support forests, so climate is the main factor in their formation (A). The Prairies of North America receive moderate annual rainfall, while the Velds of South Africa have dry winters and can face drought (B). The vegetation cover of the Velds is sparse, with grasses and scattered shrubs and trees (C).

Statement D reverses the hemispheres. The Prairies lie in North America, in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Velds lie in South Africa, in the Southern Hemisphere. Every option that includes D is therefore wrong.

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12.

Which of the following is true about common property resources ?

(A) These are owned by government.
(B) These are owned by private companies.
(C) These are owned by communities.

A.Only (A) and (C)
B.Only (A) and (B)
C.Only (B)
D.Only (B) and (C)

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2024,

Answer: A

Statements A and C are true, so the answer is Only (A) and (C).

Common property resources are resources such as village grazing grounds, ponds, burial grounds and community forests that are open to use by all members of a community rather than by one owner. They are owned either by a community, such as a village, or by the government, which holds the land while the local people use it in common.

Statement B is false: a resource owned by a private company is private property, the opposite of a common property resource, because the owner can exclude others from it. Every option containing B is therefore wrong.

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13.

Campos in Brazil and Llanos in Venezuela are examples of

A.Temperate grasslands
B.Tundra type of vegetation
C.Tropical grasslands
D.Mediterranean vegetation

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2019,

Answer: C

The Campos and Llanos are tropical grasslands.

Tropical grasslands, also called savannas, grow on either side of the equator between the equatorial forests and the deserts, in areas with a long dry season and a short rainy season. Their regional names include the Campos of the Brazilian highlands, the Llanos of the Orinoco basin in Venezuela and Colombia, and the savanna of East Africa.

Temperate grasslands have different names: prairies in North America, pampas in Argentina, steppes in Asia, veld in South Africa and downs in Australia. Tundra vegetation (mosses and lichens) is found in polar regions, and Mediterranean vegetation along the Mediterranean coasts.

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14.

Consider the following pairs and identify how many of the given pairs are correctly matched :

Type of forest	Tree found
A. Tropial Rain Forest	Mahogany
B. Tropical Deciduous Forest	Rosewood
C. Thorny Bushes	Deodar
D. Mangrove Forests	Sundari

Choose the correct option :

A.Only three
B.Only two
C.All four
D.Only one

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2026,

Answer: B

Two pairs are correct, so the answer is Only two.

Mahogany is a tree of the tropical rain forest (tropical evergreen forest), along with ebony and rosewood, so A is correct. Sundari is the mangrove tree that gives the Sundarbans their name, so D is correct.

B is wrong: rosewood belongs to the tropical evergreen forest; the trees of the tropical deciduous forest are sal, teak, neem and shisham. C is wrong too: deodar is a coniferous tree of the Himalayan forests, while thorny bushes have plants such as cactus, khair and babool. With A and D correct and B and C wrong, the count is two.

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15.

Ecosystem is formed by :

A.lithosphere and biosphere
B.all plants, animals and human beings
C.interrelationship between organisms and their surroundings
D.atmosphere and hydrosphere

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2026,

Answer: C

An ecosystem is formed by the interrelationship between organisms and their surroundings.

An ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with their physical surroundings, such as air, water and land. A forest, a pond or a grassland is an example. What makes it an ecosystem is the web of relationships, not just the list of its parts.

'All plants, animals and human beings' names only the living part and leaves out the physical environment. 'Lithosphere and biosphere' and 'atmosphere and hydrosphere' each name only two domains of the earth, and none of the three mentions the interaction that defines an ecosystem.

Discuss in Forum

16.

Many species of plants and animals have become vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction. Choose the reasons from the following :

A. Afforestation
B. Landslides
C. Constructional activities
D. Poaching of animals

A.A, C and D
B.A, B and C
C.B, C and D
D.A, B and D

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2026,

Answer: C

The reasons are B, C and D, so the answer is B, C and D.

Habitat loss and hunting are the main threats to wildlife. Landslides destroy forests and habitats (B), and constructional activities such as roads, dams and buildings clear and break up habitats (C). Poaching kills animals directly for their skins, horns, tusks and other parts (D). Along with deforestation, soil erosion and forest fires, these human and natural factors speed up the extinction of species.

Afforestation (A) means planting trees on land where there was no forest. It adds habitat and helps conserve species, so it is not a reason they become endangered, and every option containing A is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

17.

Water scarcity is caused by the following given factors :

(a) Water Harvesting
(b) Variation in Rainfall
(c) Contamination of water
(d) Over exploitation

A.(a), (b), (c)
B.(a), (c), (d)
C.(b), (c), (d)
D.(a), (b), (d)

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2026,

Answer: C

The causes are (b), (c), (d): variation in rainfall, contamination of water and over exploitation.

Water becomes scarce when rainfall fails or is unevenly spread, when available water is polluted and unfit for use, and when groundwater and surface water are drawn faster than they are recharged.

Water harvesting is not a cause of scarcity. It is a remedy: collecting and storing rainwater, as in rooftop harvesting or check dams, increases the water available. Every option that includes (a) is therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

18.

Biotic and Abiotic conditions existing on the earth form : (Choose the appropriate category) :

A.Human Made Environment
B.Human Environment
C.Natural Environment
D.Environment Management

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2026,

Answer: C

Biotic and abiotic conditions together form the natural environment.

The natural environment is made up of the land, water, air and living things that exist in nature: the biotic (living) world of plants and animals and the abiotic (non-living) world of land, water and air.

The human environment and the human-made environment are what people create through their interaction with nature, such as settlements, roads and industries. Environment management is an activity, not a category of environment.

Discuss in Forum

19.

Match the following with appropriate choices :

a. Coniferous forests	i. Eastern margin of the continents
b. Mediterranean vegetation	ii. Hardwood trees
c. Tropical evergreen forests	iii. Softwood evergreen trees
d. Temperate evergreen forests	iv. West and south-west margin of the continents

A.a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
B.a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i
C.a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i
D.a-i, b-iv, c-ii, d-iii

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2021,

Answer: B

The correct matching is a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i.

Coniferous forests are softwood evergreen trees such as pine, fir and spruce, whose soft wood is used for pulp and paper.
Mediterranean vegetation grows on the west and south-west margins of the continents, around the Mediterranean Sea and in places such as California and south-west Australia.
Tropical evergreen forests are made up of hardwood trees such as rosewood, ebony and mahogany.
Temperate evergreen forests grow on the eastern margins of the continents in the mid-latitudes, for example in south-east USA and south China.

Only option B has all four pairs. The options pairing coniferous forests with eastern margins, or tropical evergreen forests with softwood, reverse these facts.

Discuss in Forum

20.

Consider the two statements and choose the correct option :

Statement (A) : Sahara once used to be a lush green plain.
Statement (B) : Cave painting in sahara depicts rivers, crocodiles, elephants, lions, cattle and goats.

A.(A) is false, but (B) is true.
B.(A) is true, but (B) is false.
C.Both (A) and (B) are true.
D.Both (A) and (B) are false.

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2021,

Answer: C

Both (A) and (B) are true.

The NCERT chapter on the Sahara desert says that the Sahara was once a lush green plain. Cave paintings in the Sahara show that there were rivers with crocodiles, and that elephants, lions, giraffes, ostriches, sheep, cattle and goats were common animals there.

The paintings are in fact the evidence for statement A: animals that need water and grassland could only have lived there when the climate was wetter. So neither statement is false, which rules out the three options that call one or both of them false.

Environmental Geography Questions and Answers

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