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Which particles act as ice nuclei in the atmosphere?

  • A.Mineral dust and certain biological particles
  • B.Sea salt, which is the most abundant aerosol over the oceans and therefore the most important source of nuclei
  • C.Sulphate droplets
  • D.Soot particles from combustion, which are the dominant ice nucleus in both polluted and remote regions alike

Answer: A

Mineral dust, particularly clay minerals, and biological particles such as certain bacteria and pollen are the most effective ice nuclei, and they are far scarcer than the nuclei on which droplets form. Sea salt and sulphate are excellent condensation nuclei but poor ice nuclei. The scarcity of ice nuclei is what allows supercooled water to persist at all.

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