Discussion
Which one of the following elements is ignored by the classical theory ?
Answer: C
The classical theory ignored informal patterns.
The classical writers, among them Fayol, Gulick, Urwick, Mooney and Reiley, studied organisation as a formal structure built on principles such as hierarchy, unity of command, span of control and specialisation. They treated people as parts of that structure.
The Hawthorne studies of Elton Mayo and his colleagues showed that workers form informal groups with their own norms, leaders and communication, which shape output as much as the formal design. That discovery is the human relations school's main criticism of the classical theory. Formal structure, managerial techniques and principles of organisation are what the classical theory concentrated on, so they cannot be what it ignored.
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