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What is a common approximation for games of imperfect information?

  • A.Assume the hidden information is always the worst case
  • B.Ignore the hidden information and play the visible position
  • C.Search only until the hidden information becomes visible
  • D.Sample possible hidden states and solve each perfectly

Answer: D

Determinisation samples a consistent assignment of the hidden cards, solves the resulting perfect information game and averages over many samples, which is fast and misses the value of information gathering and of concealment. Worst case assumptions are unduly pessimistic, ignoring the hidden state is worse still, and waiting is not available. An approximation whose specific blind spots are understood can be used deliberately, whereas one whose failures are unknown cannot.

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