Discussion
The non-dimensional derivative \( C_{m_\alpha} \) is obtained from a dimensional pitching moment derivative by dividing by
Answer: C
Pitching moment is non-dimensionalised by dynamic pressure, reference area and mean aerodynamic chord, since a moment carries an extra length compared with a force. Dividing by dynamic pressure and area alone would leave a length dimension, which is the correct treatment for a force coefficient rather than a moment. Density and speed alone omit the reference geometry entirely. Span is the reference length for the lateral moments, rolling and yawing, not for pitching, and mixing the two is a common source of factor errors.
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