Discussion
Derivatives with respect to a rate, such as pitch rate or roll rate, are made dimensionless using a factor built from the reference length and _____.
Answer: B
Rate derivatives use \( \bar c/2V \) in pitch and \( b/2V \) in roll and yaw, so the normalising factor is built from the reference length and twice the true airspeed. The factor of two is a convention, not a physical necessity, but it is universal enough that omitting it produces a derivative twice the intended size. The speed of sound appears in Mach corrections rather than in the normalisation. Dynamic pressure and area non-dimensionalise the force or moment itself, which is a separate step.
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