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The derivative of pitching moment with rate of change of incidence exists because

  • A.The wing needs time to build circulation after a change of incidence
  • B.The elevator actuator has a finite response time
  • C.The engine thrust lags any change of throttle setting
  • D.The tail meets the wing downwash belonging to an earlier instant

Answer: D

The wing's downwash takes \( l_t/V \) seconds to reach the tail, so while incidence is changing the tail is immersed in the downwash of an earlier incidence. That lag makes the tail's contribution depend on the rate as well as the value, and it is the one unsteady effect retained in the otherwise quasi-steady rigid-body set. Circulation build-up is a genuinely unsteady effect but is not what this derivative models. Actuator and engine lags are control-system dynamics, not aerodynamics.

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