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Parameter identification from flight data works by

  • A.Measuring the forces directly with strain gauges on the wing
  • B.Reading the derivatives from the flight manual
  • C.Differentiating the recorded airspeed twice with respect to time and scaling the result
  • D.Fitting the derivatives that best reproduce the measured response to a known input

Answer: D

The method adjusts the derivative set until the simulated response matches the recorded one for the same control input, typically by a maximum-likelihood or least-squares fit. Well-designed inputs, such as doublets and frequency sweeps, are what make the individual derivatives separable. Strain gauges measure loads rather than derivatives. The flight manual contains no derivatives. And differentiating a noisy record twice amplifies the noise without separating one derivative from another.

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