Discussion
A refinery's stack emissions comply with every limit, yet the site's total volatile organic compound emissions are high.
What is the likely source?
Answer: B
Correct answer: Fugitive losses from valves and tanks
Fugitive emissions are the usual explanation for this pattern. Volatile organic compounds escape from leaking valve stems, pump seals and flanges, from tank breathing and working losses, and during loading - none of which passes through a stack, so none appears in stack monitoring however rigorous.
At a refinery these can rival or exceed the stack emissions of the same compounds. They are found by leak detection surveys and controlled by improved seals, floating roofs and vapour recovery rather than by anything applied at the stack.
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