Discussion
Over-modulation occurs when the index exceeds
Answer: A
Beyond an index of one the envelope would have to go negative, so it folds instead: the carrier phase reverses and the recovered message is badly distorted, with splatter into adjacent channels. That is why broadcast transmitters are limited to just under a hundred per cent modulation and why a modulation monitor is a standard fitting. An index of a half is perfectly normal. Two would be heavily over-modulated. And ten per cent is merely shallow, wasting power but distorting nothing.
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